diff --git a/cmd-display-message.c b/cmd-display-message.c
index 6dd210ac..07cd12a8 100644
--- a/cmd-display-message.c
+++ b/cmd-display-message.c
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_display_message_entry = {
 	.name = "display-message",
 	.alias = "display",
 
-	.args = { "c:pt:F:", 0, 1 },
-	.usage = "[-p] [-c target-client] [-F format] "
+	.args = { "c:pt:F:v", 0, 1 },
+	.usage = "[-pv] [-c target-client] [-F format] "
 		 CMD_TARGET_PANE_USAGE " [message]",
 
 	.target = { 't', CMD_FIND_PANE, 0 },
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item)
 	const char		*template;
 	char			*msg;
 	struct format_tree	*ft;
+	int			 flags;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'F') && args->argc != 0) {
 		cmdq_error(item, "only one of -F or argument must be given");
@@ -83,10 +84,14 @@ cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item)
 		target_c = c;
 	else
 		target_c = cmd_find_best_client(s);
-	ft = format_create(item->client, item, FORMAT_NONE, 0);
+	if (args_has(self->args, 'v'))
+		flags = FORMAT_VERBOSE;
+	else
+		flags = 0;
+	ft = format_create(item->client, item, FORMAT_NONE, flags);
 	format_defaults(ft, target_c, s, wl, wp);
 
-	msg = format_expand_time(ft, template, 0);
+	msg = format_expand_time(ft, template);
 	if (args_has(self->args, 'p'))
 		cmdq_print(item, "%s", msg);
 	else if (c != NULL)
diff --git a/cmd-find.c b/cmd-find.c
index 3c0085e0..2009a0b3 100644
--- a/cmd-find.c
+++ b/cmd-find.c
@@ -1263,17 +1263,17 @@ found:
 
 no_session:
 	if (~flags & CMD_FIND_QUIET)
-		cmdq_error(item, "can't find session %s", session);
+		cmdq_error(item, "can't find session: %s", session);
 	goto error;
 
 no_window:
 	if (~flags & CMD_FIND_QUIET)
-		cmdq_error(item, "can't find window %s", window);
+		cmdq_error(item, "can't find window: %s", window);
 	goto error;
 
 no_pane:
 	if (~flags & CMD_FIND_QUIET)
-		cmdq_error(item, "can't find pane %s", pane);
+		cmdq_error(item, "can't find pane: %s", pane);
 	goto error;
 }
 
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ cmd_find_client(struct cmdq_item *item, const char *target, int quiet)
 
 	/* If no client found, report an error. */
 	if (c == NULL && !quiet)
-		cmdq_error(item, "can't find client %s", copy);
+		cmdq_error(item, "can't find client: %s", copy);
 
 	free(copy);
 	log_debug("%s: target %s, return %p", __func__, target, c);
diff --git a/cmd-pipe-pane.c b/cmd-pipe-pane.c
index 574ad462..ce1b3d37 100644
--- a/cmd-pipe-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-pipe-pane.c
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ cmd_pipe_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item)
 	/* Expand the command. */
 	ft = format_create(item->client, item, FORMAT_NONE, 0);
 	format_defaults(ft, c, s, wl, wp);
-	cmd = format_expand_time(ft, args->argv[0], 0);
+	cmd = format_expand_time(ft, args->argv[0]);
 	format_free(ft);
 
 	/* Fork the child. */
diff --git a/cmd-set-option.c b/cmd-set-option.c
index c4b82004..ddbfc334 100644
--- a/cmd-set-option.c
+++ b/cmd-set-option.c
@@ -163,11 +163,9 @@ cmd_set_option_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item)
 	parent = options_get(oo, name);
 
 	/* Check that array options and indexes match up. */
-	if (idx != -1) {
-		if (*name == '@' || options_array_size(parent, NULL) == -1) {
-			cmdq_error(item, "not an array: %s", argument);
-			goto fail;
-		}
+	if (idx != -1 && (*name == '@' || !options_isarray(parent))) {
+		cmdq_error(item, "not an array: %s", argument);
+		goto fail;
 	}
 
 	/* With -o, check this option is not already set. */
@@ -209,7 +207,7 @@ cmd_set_option_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item)
 			goto fail;
 		}
 		options_set_string(oo, name, append, "%s", value);
-	} else if (idx == -1 && options_array_size(parent, NULL) == -1) {
+	} else if (idx == -1 && !options_isarray(parent)) {
 		error = cmd_set_option_set(self, item, oo, parent, value);
 		if (error != 0)
 			goto fail;
@@ -264,7 +262,7 @@ cmd_set_option_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item)
 			layout_fix_panes(w);
 	}
 	RB_FOREACH(s, sessions, &sessions)
-		status_update_saved(s);
+		status_update_cache(s);
 
 	/*
 	 * Update sizes and redraw. May not always be necessary but do it
diff --git a/cmd-show-options.c b/cmd-show-options.c
index 2dc3dee3..2948f9ff 100644
--- a/cmd-show-options.c
+++ b/cmd-show-options.c
@@ -88,20 +88,20 @@ static void
 cmd_show_options_print(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item,
     struct options_entry *o, int idx)
 {
-	const char	*name;
-	const char	*value;
-	char		*tmp, *escaped;
-	u_int		 size, i;
+	struct options_array_item	*a;
+	const char			*name, *value;
+	char				*tmp, *escaped;
 
 	if (idx != -1) {
 		xasprintf(&tmp, "%s[%d]", options_name(o), idx);
 		name = tmp;
 	} else {
-		if (options_array_size(o, &size) != -1) {
-			for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-				if (options_array_get(o, i) == NULL)
-					continue;
-				cmd_show_options_print(self, item, o, i);
+		if (options_isarray(o)) {
+			a = options_array_first(o);
+			while (a != NULL) {
+				idx = options_array_item_index(a);
+				cmd_show_options_print(self, item, o, idx);
+				a = options_array_next(a);
 			}
 			return;
 		}
@@ -164,9 +164,10 @@ static enum cmd_retval
 cmd_show_options_all(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item,
     struct options *oo)
 {
-	struct options_entry			 *o;
+	struct options_entry			*o;
 	const struct options_table_entry	*oe;
-	u_int					 size, idx;
+	struct options_array_item		*a;
+	u_int					 idx;
 
 	o = options_first(oo);
 	while (o != NULL) {
@@ -175,13 +176,14 @@ cmd_show_options_all(struct cmd *self, struct cmdq_item *item,
 			o = options_next(o);
 			continue;
 		}
-		if (options_array_size(o, &size) == -1)
+		if (!options_isarray(o))
 			cmd_show_options_print(self, item, o, -1);
 		else {
-			for (idx = 0; idx < size; idx++) {
-				if (options_array_get(o, idx) == NULL)
-					continue;
+			a = options_array_first(o);
+			while (a != NULL) {
+				idx = options_array_item_index(a);
 				cmd_show_options_print(self, item, o, idx);
+				a = options_array_next(a);
 			}
 		}
 		o = options_next(o);
diff --git a/cmd.c b/cmd.c
index 5df30798..877cd10c 100644
--- a/cmd.c
+++ b/cmd.c
@@ -318,31 +318,31 @@ cmd_stringify_argv(int argc, char **argv)
 static int
 cmd_try_alias(int *argc, char ***argv)
 {
-	struct options_entry	 *o;
-	int			  old_argc = *argc, new_argc;
-	char			**old_argv = *argv, **new_argv;
-	u_int			  size, idx;
-	int			  i;
-	size_t			  wanted;
-	const char		 *s, *cp = NULL;
+	struct options_entry		 *o;
+	struct options_array_item	 *a;
+	int				  old_argc = *argc, new_argc, i;
+	char				**old_argv = *argv, **new_argv;
+	size_t				  wanted;
+	const char			 *s, *cp = NULL;
 
 	o = options_get_only(global_options, "command-alias");
-	if (o == NULL || options_array_size(o, &size) == -1 || size == 0)
+	if (o == NULL)
 		return (-1);
-
 	wanted = strlen(old_argv[0]);
-	for (idx = 0; idx < size; idx++) {
-		s = options_array_get(o, idx);
-		if (s == NULL)
-			continue;
 
-		cp = strchr(s, '=');
-		if (cp == NULL || (size_t)(cp - s) != wanted)
-			continue;
-		if (strncmp(old_argv[0], s, wanted) == 0)
-			break;
+	a = options_array_first(o);
+	while (a != NULL) {
+		s = options_array_item_value(a);
+		if (s != NULL) {
+			cp = strchr(s, '=');
+			if (cp != NULL &&
+			    (size_t)(cp - s) == wanted &&
+			    strncmp(old_argv[0], s, wanted) == 0)
+				break;
+		}
+		a = options_array_next(a);
 	}
-	if (idx == size)
+	if (a == NULL)
 		return (-1);
 
 	if (cmd_string_split(cp + 1, &new_argc, &new_argv) != 0)
diff --git a/environ.c b/environ.c
index 29191ee5..2764e027 100644
--- a/environ.c
+++ b/environ.c
@@ -174,22 +174,26 @@ environ_unset(struct environ *env, const char *name)
 void
 environ_update(struct options *oo, struct environ *src, struct environ *dst)
 {
-	struct environ_entry	*envent;
-	struct options_entry	*o;
-	u_int			 size, idx;
-	const char		*value;
+	struct environ_entry		*envent;
+	struct options_entry		*o;
+	struct options_array_item	*a;
+	const char			*value;
 
 	o = options_get(oo, "update-environment");
-	if (o == NULL || options_array_size(o, &size) == -1)
+	if (o == NULL)
 		return;
-	for (idx = 0; idx < size; idx++) {
-		value = options_array_get(o, idx);
-		if (value == NULL)
+	a = options_array_first(o);
+	while (a != NULL) {
+		value = options_array_item_value(a);
+		if (value == NULL) {
+			a = options_array_next(a);
 			continue;
+		}
 		if ((envent = environ_find(src, value)) == NULL)
 			environ_clear(dst, value);
 		else
 			environ_set(dst, envent->name, "%s", envent->value);
+		a = options_array_next(a);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/format.c b/format.c
index bd013a28..ea1372e7 100644
--- a/format.c
+++ b/format.c
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@ format_job_cmp(struct format_job *fj1, struct format_job *fj2)
 #define FORMAT_WINDOWS 0x100
 #define FORMAT_PANES 0x200
 
+/* Limit on recursion. */
+#define FORMAT_LOOP_LIMIT 10
+
 /* Entry in format tree. */
 struct format_entry {
 	char			*key;
@@ -121,13 +124,15 @@ struct format_tree {
 	struct client		*client;
 	u_int			 tag;
 	int			 flags;
+	time_t			 time;
+	u_int			 loop;
 
 	RB_HEAD(format_entry_tree, format_entry) tree;
 };
 static int format_entry_cmp(struct format_entry *, struct format_entry *);
 RB_GENERATE_STATIC(format_entry_tree, format_entry, entry, format_entry_cmp);
 
-/* Format modifiers. */
+/* Format modifier. */
 struct format_modifier {
 	char	  modifier[3];
 	u_int	  size;
@@ -203,6 +208,36 @@ static const char *format_lower[] = {
 	NULL		/* z */
 };
 
+/* Is logging enabled? */
+static inline int
+format_logging(struct format_tree *ft)
+{
+	return (log_get_level() != 0 || (ft->flags & FORMAT_VERBOSE));
+}
+
+/* Log a message if verbose. */
+static void printflike(3, 4)
+format_log1(struct format_tree *ft, const char *from, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list			 ap;
+	char			*s;
+	static const char	 spaces[] = "          ";
+
+	if (!format_logging(ft))
+		return;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	vasprintf(&s, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	log_debug("%s: %s", from, s);
+	if (ft->item != NULL && (ft->flags & FORMAT_VERBOSE))
+		cmdq_print(ft->item, "#%.*s%s", ft->loop, spaces, s);
+
+	free(s);
+}
+#define format_log(ft, fmt, ...) format_log1(ft, __func__, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
 /* Format job update callback. */
 static void
 format_job_update(struct job *job)
@@ -311,7 +346,9 @@ format_job_get(struct format_tree *ft, const char *cmd)
 		force = (ft->flags & FORMAT_FORCE);
 
 	t = time(NULL);
-	if (fj->job == NULL && (force || fj->last != t)) {
+	if (force && fj->job != NULL)
+	       job_free(fj->job);
+	if (force || (fj->job == NULL && fj->last != t)) {
 		fj->job = job_run(expanded, NULL,
 		    server_client_get_cwd(ft->client, NULL), format_job_update,
 		    format_job_complete, NULL, fj, JOB_NOWAIT);
@@ -697,6 +734,7 @@ format_create(struct client *c, struct cmdq_item *item, int tag, int flags)
 
 	ft->tag = tag;
 	ft->flags = flags;
+	ft->time = time(NULL);
 
 	format_add(ft, "version", "%s", VERSION);
 	format_add_cb(ft, "host", format_cb_host);
@@ -1154,7 +1192,9 @@ format_substitute(const char *source, const char *from, const char *to)
 static char *
 format_loop_sessions(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 {
+	struct client		*c = ft->client;
 	struct cmdq_item	*item = ft->item;
+	struct format_tree	*nft;
 	char			*expanded, *value;
 	size_t			 valuelen;
 	struct session		*s;
@@ -1163,7 +1203,12 @@ format_loop_sessions(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 	valuelen = 1;
 
 	RB_FOREACH(s, sessions, &sessions) {
-		expanded = format_single(item, fmt, ft->c, ft->s, NULL, NULL);
+		format_log(ft, "session loop: $%u", s->id);
+		nft = format_create(c, item, FORMAT_NONE, ft->flags);
+		nft->loop = ft->loop;
+		format_defaults(nft, ft->c, s, NULL, NULL);
+		expanded = format_expand(nft, fmt);
+		format_free(nft);
 
 		valuelen += strlen(expanded);
 		value = xrealloc(value, valuelen);
@@ -1179,13 +1224,18 @@ format_loop_sessions(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 static char *
 format_loop_windows(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 {
+	struct client		*c = ft->client;
 	struct cmdq_item	*item = ft->item;
+	struct format_tree	*nft;
 	char			*all, *active, *use, *expanded, *value;
 	size_t			 valuelen;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
+	struct window		*w;
 
-	if (ft->s == NULL)
+	if (ft->s == NULL) {
+		format_log(ft, "window loop but no session");
 		return (NULL);
+	}
 
 	if (format_choose(ft, fmt, &all, &active, 0) != 0) {
 		all = xstrdup(fmt);
@@ -1196,11 +1246,17 @@ format_loop_windows(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 	valuelen = 1;
 
 	RB_FOREACH(wl, winlinks, &ft->s->windows) {
+		w = wl->window;
+		format_log(ft, "window loop: %u @%u", wl->idx, w->id);
 		if (active != NULL && wl == ft->s->curw)
 			use = active;
 		else
 			use = all;
-		expanded = format_single(item, use, ft->c, ft->s, wl, NULL);
+		nft = format_create(c, item, FORMAT_WINDOW|w->id, ft->flags);
+		nft->loop = ft->loop;
+		format_defaults(nft, ft->c, ft->s, wl, NULL);
+		expanded = format_expand(nft, use);
+		format_free(nft);
 
 		valuelen += strlen(expanded);
 		value = xrealloc(value, valuelen);
@@ -1219,13 +1275,17 @@ format_loop_windows(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 static char *
 format_loop_panes(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 {
+	struct client		*c = ft->client;
 	struct cmdq_item	*item = ft->item;
+	struct format_tree	*nft;
 	char			*all, *active, *use, *expanded, *value;
 	size_t			 valuelen;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
 
-	if (ft->w == NULL)
+	if (ft->w == NULL) {
+		format_log(ft, "pane loop but no window");
 		return (NULL);
+	}
 
 	if (format_choose(ft, fmt, &all, &active, 0) != 0) {
 		all = xstrdup(fmt);
@@ -1236,11 +1296,16 @@ format_loop_panes(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 	valuelen = 1;
 
 	TAILQ_FOREACH(wp, &ft->w->panes, entry) {
+		format_log(ft, "pane loop: %%%u", wp->id);
 		if (active != NULL && wp == ft->w->active)
 			use = active;
 		else
 			use = all;
-		expanded = format_single(item, use, ft->c, ft->s, ft->wl, wp);
+		nft = format_create(c, item, FORMAT_PANE|wp->id, ft->flags);
+		nft->loop = ft->loop;
+		format_defaults(nft, ft->c, ft->s, ft->wl, wp);
+		expanded = format_expand(nft, use);
+		format_free(nft);
 
 		valuelen += strlen(expanded);
 		value = xrealloc(value, valuelen);
@@ -1264,25 +1329,27 @@ format_replace(struct format_tree *ft, const char *key, size_t keylen,
 	const char		*errptr, *copy, *cp;
 	char			*copy0, *condition, *found, *new;
 	char			*value, *left, *right;
-	char			 tmp[64];
 	size_t			 valuelen;
 	int			 modifiers = 0, limit = 0;
 	struct format_modifier  *list, *fm, *cmp = NULL, *search = NULL;
 	struct format_modifier  *sub = NULL;
 	u_int			 i, count;
+	int			 j;
 
 	/* Make a copy of the key. */
 	copy = copy0 = xstrndup(key, keylen);
-	log_debug("%s: format = '%s'", __func__, copy);
 
 	/* Process modifier list. */
 	list = format_build_modifiers(ft, &copy, &count);
 	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-		xsnprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%s: modifier %u", __func__, i);
-		log_debug("%s = %s", tmp, list[i].modifier);
-		cmd_log_argv(list[i].argc, list[i].argv, tmp);
-
 		fm = &list[i];
+		if (format_logging(ft)) {
+			format_log(ft, "modifier %u is %s", i, fm->modifier);
+			for (j = 0; j < fm->argc; j++) {
+				format_log(ft, "modifier %u argument %d: %s", i,
+				    j, fm->argv[j]);
+			}
+		}
 		if (fm->size == 1) {
 			switch (fm->modifier[0]) {
 			case 'm':
@@ -1365,14 +1432,22 @@ format_replace(struct format_tree *ft, const char *key, size_t keylen,
 			goto fail;
 	} else if (search != NULL) {
 		/* Search in pane. */
-		if (wp == NULL)
+		if (wp == NULL) {
+			format_log(ft, "search '%s' but no pane", copy);
 			value = xstrdup("0");
-		else
+		} else {
+			format_log(ft, "search '%s' pane %%%u", copy,  wp->id);
 			xasprintf(&value, "%u", window_pane_search(wp, copy));
+		}
 	} else if (cmp != NULL) {
 		/* Comparison of left and right. */
-		if (format_choose(ft, copy, &left, &right, 1) != 0)
+		if (format_choose(ft, copy, &left, &right, 1) != 0) {
+			format_log(ft, "compare %s syntax error: %s",
+			    cmp->modifier, copy);
 			goto fail;
+		}
+		format_log(ft, "compare %s left is: %s", cmp->modifier, left);
+		format_log(ft, "compare %s right is: %s", cmp->modifier, right);
 
 		if (strcmp(cmp->modifier, "||") == 0) {
 			if (format_true(left) || format_true(right))
@@ -1407,9 +1482,12 @@ format_replace(struct format_tree *ft, const char *key, size_t keylen,
 	} else if (*copy == '?') {
 		/* Conditional: check first and choose second or third. */
 		cp = format_skip(copy + 1, ",");
-		if (cp == NULL)
+		if (cp == NULL) {
+			format_log(ft, "condition syntax error: %s", copy + 1);
 			goto fail;
+		}
 		condition = xstrndup(copy + 1, cp - (copy + 1));
+		format_log(ft, "condition is: %s", condition);
 
 		found = format_find(ft, condition, modifiers);
 		if (found == NULL) {
@@ -1422,27 +1500,42 @@ format_replace(struct format_tree *ft, const char *key, size_t keylen,
 			if (strcmp(found, condition) == 0) {
 				free(found);
 				found = xstrdup("");
+				format_log(ft, "condition '%s' found: %s",
+				    condition, found);
+			} else {
+				format_log(ft,
+				    "condition '%s' not found; assuming false",
+				    condition);
 			}
-		}
-		free(condition);
+		} else
+			format_log(ft, "condition '%s' found", condition);
 
 		if (format_choose(ft, cp + 1, &left, &right, 0) != 0) {
+			format_log(ft, "condition '%s' syntax error: %s",
+			    condition, cp + 1);
 			free(found);
 			goto fail;
 		}
-		if (format_true(found))
+		if (format_true(found)) {
+			format_log(ft, "condition '%s' is true", condition);
 			value = format_expand(ft, left);
-		else
+		} else {
+			format_log(ft, "condition '%s' is false", condition);
 			value = format_expand(ft, right);
+		}
 		free(right);
 		free(left);
 
+		free(condition);
 		free(found);
 	} else {
 		/* Neither: look up directly. */
 		value = format_find(ft, copy, modifiers);
-		if (value == NULL)
+		if (value == NULL) {
+			format_log(ft, "format '%s' not found", copy);
 			value = xstrdup("");
+		} else
+			format_log(ft, "format '%s' found: %s", copy, value);
 	}
 
 done:
@@ -1453,7 +1546,7 @@ done:
 		value = new;
 	}
 	else if (modifiers & FORMAT_EXPANDTIME) {
-		new = format_expand_time(ft, value, 0);
+		new = format_expand_time(ft, value);
 		free(value);
 		value = new;
 	}
@@ -1461,6 +1554,8 @@ done:
 	/* Perform substitution if any. */
 	if (sub != NULL) {
 		new = format_substitute(value, sub->argv[0], sub->argv[1]);
+		format_log(ft, "substituted '%s' to '%s: %s", sub->argv[0],
+		    sub->argv[1], new);
 		free(value);
 		value = new;
 	}
@@ -1468,16 +1563,17 @@ done:
 	/* Truncate the value if needed. */
 	if (limit > 0) {
 		new = utf8_trimcstr(value, limit);
+		format_log(ft, "applied length limit %d: %s", limit, new);
 		free(value);
 		value = new;
 	} else if (limit < 0) {
 		new = utf8_rtrimcstr(value, -limit);
+		format_log(ft, "applied length limit %d: %s", limit, new);
 		free(value);
 		value = new;
 	}
 
 	/* Expand the buffer and copy in the value. */
-	log_debug("%s: '%s' -> '%s'", __func__, copy0, value);
 	valuelen = strlen(value);
 	while (*len - *off < valuelen + 1) {
 		*buf = xreallocarray(*buf, 2, *len);
@@ -1486,48 +1582,50 @@ done:
 	memcpy(*buf + *off, value, valuelen);
 	*off += valuelen;
 
+	format_log(ft, "replaced '%s' with '%s'", copy0, value);
 	free(value);
+
 	format_free_modifiers(list, count);
 	free(copy0);
 	return (0);
 
 fail:
+	format_log(ft, "failed %s", copy0);
 	format_free_modifiers(list, count);
 	free(copy0);
 	return (-1);
 }
 
-/* Expand keys in a template, passing through strftime first. */
-char *
-format_expand_time(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt, time_t t)
+/* Expand keys in a template. */
+static char *
+format_expand1(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt, int time)
 {
+	char		*buf, *out, *name;
+	const char	*ptr, *s;
+	size_t		 off, len, n, outlen;
+	int     	 ch, brackets;
 	struct tm	*tm;
-	char		 s[2048];
+	char		 expanded[8192];
 
 	if (fmt == NULL || *fmt == '\0')
 		return (xstrdup(""));
 
-	if (t == 0)
-		t = time(NULL);
-	tm = localtime(&t);
-
-	if (strftime(s, sizeof s, fmt, tm) == 0)
+	if (ft->loop == FORMAT_LOOP_LIMIT)
 		return (xstrdup(""));
+	ft->loop++;
 
-	return (format_expand(ft, s));
-}
+	format_log(ft, "expanding format: %s", fmt);
 
-/* Expand keys in a template. */
-char *
-format_expand(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
-{
-	char		*buf, *out, *name;
-	const char	*ptr, *s, *saved = fmt;
-	size_t		 off, len, n, outlen;
-	int     	 ch, brackets;
-
-	if (fmt == NULL)
-		return (xstrdup(""));
+	if (time) {
+		tm = localtime(&ft->time);
+		if (strftime(expanded, sizeof expanded, fmt, tm) == 0) {
+			format_log(ft, "format is too long");
+			return (xstrdup(""));
+		}
+		if (format_logging(ft) && strcmp(expanded, fmt) != 0)
+			format_log(ft, "after time expanded: %s", expanded);
+		fmt = expanded;
+	}
 
 	len = 64;
 	buf = xmalloc(len);
@@ -1544,7 +1642,7 @@ format_expand(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 		}
 		fmt++;
 
-		ch = (u_char) *fmt++;
+		ch = (u_char)*fmt++;
 		switch (ch) {
 		case '(':
 			brackets = 1;
@@ -1558,15 +1656,19 @@ format_expand(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 				break;
 			n = ptr - fmt;
 
-			if (ft->flags & FORMAT_NOJOBS)
-				out = xstrdup("");
-			else {
-				name = xstrndup(fmt, n);
-				out = format_job_get(ft, name);
-				free(name);
-			}
-			outlen = strlen(out);
+			name = xstrndup(fmt, n);
+			format_log(ft, "found #(): %s", name);
 
+			if (ft->flags & FORMAT_NOJOBS) {
+				out = xstrdup("");
+				format_log(ft, "#() is disabled");
+			} else {
+				out = format_job_get(ft, name);
+				format_log(ft, "#() result: %s", out);
+			}
+			free(name);
+
+			outlen = strlen(out);
 			while (len - off < outlen + 1) {
 				buf = xreallocarray(buf, 2, len);
 				len *= 2;
@@ -1584,6 +1686,7 @@ format_expand(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 				break;
 			n = ptr - fmt;
 
+			format_log(ft, "found #{}: %.*s", (int)n, fmt);
 			if (format_replace(ft, fmt, n, &buf, &len, &off) != 0)
 				break;
 			fmt += n + 1;
@@ -1591,6 +1694,7 @@ format_expand(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 		case '}':
 		case '#':
 		case ',':
+			format_log(ft, "found #%c", ch);
 			while (len - off < 2) {
 				buf = xreallocarray(buf, 2, len);
 				len *= 2;
@@ -1613,6 +1717,7 @@ format_expand(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 				continue;
 			}
 			n = strlen(s);
+			format_log(ft, "found #%c: %s", ch, s);
 			if (format_replace(ft, s, n, &buf, &len, &off) != 0)
 				break;
 			continue;
@@ -1622,10 +1727,26 @@ format_expand(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
 	}
 	buf[off] = '\0';
 
-	log_debug("%s: '%s' -> '%s'", __func__, saved, buf);
+	format_log(ft, "result is: %s", buf);
+	ft->loop--;
+
 	return (buf);
 }
 
+/* Expand keys in a template, passing through strftime first. */
+char *
+format_expand_time(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
+{
+	return (format_expand1(ft, fmt, 1));
+}
+
+/* Expand keys in a template. */
+char *
+format_expand(struct format_tree *ft, const char *fmt)
+{
+	return (format_expand1(ft, fmt, 0));
+}
+
 /* Expand a single string. */
 char *
 format_single(struct cmdq_item *item, const char *fmt, struct client *c,
@@ -1813,6 +1934,11 @@ format_defaults_winlink(struct format_tree *ft, struct winlink *wl)
 	format_add(ft, "window_flags", "%s", window_printable_flags(wl));
 	format_add(ft, "window_active", "%d", wl == s->curw);
 
+	format_add(ft, "window_start_flag", "%d",
+	    !!(wl == RB_MIN(winlinks, &s->windows)));
+	format_add(ft, "window_end_flag", "%d",
+	    !!(wl == RB_MAX(winlinks, &s->windows)));
+
 	format_add(ft, "window_bell_flag", "%d",
 	    !!(wl->flags & WINLINK_BELL));
 	format_add(ft, "window_activity_flag", "%d",
diff --git a/options.c b/options.c
index 08d9275f..6a7c37d6 100644
--- a/options.c
+++ b/options.c
@@ -30,6 +30,23 @@
  * a red-black tree.
  */
 
+struct options_array_item {
+	u_int				 index;
+	char				*value;
+	RB_ENTRY(options_array_item)	 entry;
+};
+RB_HEAD(options_array, options_array_item);
+static int
+options_array_cmp(struct options_array_item *a1, struct options_array_item *a2)
+{
+	if (a1->index < a2->index)
+		return (-1);
+	if (a1->index > a2->index)
+		return (1);
+	return (0);
+}
+RB_GENERATE_STATIC(options_array, options_array_item, entry, options_array_cmp);
+
 struct options_entry {
 	struct options				 *owner;
 
@@ -40,10 +57,7 @@ struct options_entry {
 		char				 *string;
 		long long			  number;
 		struct style			  style;
-		struct {
-			const char		**array;
-			u_int			  arraysize;
-		};
+		struct options_array		  array;
 	};
 
 	RB_ENTRY(options_entry)			  entry;
@@ -56,8 +70,6 @@ struct options {
 
 static struct options_entry	*options_add(struct options *, const char *);
 
-#define OPTIONS_ARRAY_LIMIT 1000
-
 #define OPTIONS_IS_STRING(o)						\
 	((o)->tableentry == NULL ||					\
 	    (o)->tableentry->type == OPTIONS_TABLE_STRING)
@@ -163,18 +175,26 @@ options_empty(struct options *oo, const struct options_table_entry *oe)
 	o = options_add(oo, oe->name);
 	o->tableentry = oe;
 
+	if (oe->type == OPTIONS_TABLE_ARRAY)
+		RB_INIT(&o->array);
+
 	return (o);
 }
 
 struct options_entry *
 options_default(struct options *oo, const struct options_table_entry *oe)
 {
-	struct options_entry	*o;
+	struct options_entry	 *o;
+	u_int			  i;
 
 	o = options_empty(oo, oe);
-	if (oe->type == OPTIONS_TABLE_ARRAY)
-		options_array_assign(o, oe->default_str);
-	else if (oe->type == OPTIONS_TABLE_STRING)
+	if (oe->type == OPTIONS_TABLE_ARRAY) {
+		if (oe->default_arr != NULL) {
+			for (i = 0; oe->default_arr[i] != NULL; i++)
+				options_array_set(o, i, oe->default_arr[i], 0);
+		} else
+			options_array_assign(o, oe->default_str);
+	} else if (oe->type == OPTIONS_TABLE_STRING)
 		o->string = xstrdup(oe->default_str);
 	else if (oe->type == OPTIONS_TABLE_STYLE) {
 		style_set(&o->style, &grid_default_cell);
@@ -205,15 +225,11 @@ void
 options_remove(struct options_entry *o)
 {
 	struct options	*oo = o->owner;
-	u_int		 i;
 
 	if (OPTIONS_IS_STRING(o))
-		free((void *)o->string);
-	else if (OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o)) {
-		for (i = 0; i < o->arraysize; i++)
-			free((void *)o->array[i]);
-		free(o->array);
-	}
+		free(o->string);
+	else if (OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o))
+		options_array_clear(o);
 
 	RB_REMOVE(options_tree, &oo->tree, o);
 	free(o);
@@ -231,62 +247,79 @@ options_table_entry(struct options_entry *o)
 	return (o->tableentry);
 }
 
+static struct options_array_item *
+options_array_item(struct options_entry *o, u_int idx)
+{
+	struct options_array_item	a;
+
+	a.index = idx;
+	return (RB_FIND(options_array, &o->array, &a));
+}
+
+static void
+options_array_free(struct options_entry *o, struct options_array_item *a)
+{
+	free(a->value);
+	RB_REMOVE(options_array, &o->array, a);
+	free(a);
+}
+
 void
 options_array_clear(struct options_entry *o)
 {
-	if (OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o))
-		o->arraysize = 0;
+	struct options_array_item	*a, *a1;
+
+	if (!OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o))
+		return;
+
+	RB_FOREACH_SAFE(a, options_array, &o->array, a1)
+	    options_array_free(o, a);
 }
 
 const char *
 options_array_get(struct options_entry *o, u_int idx)
 {
+	struct options_array_item	*a;
+
 	if (!OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o))
 		return (NULL);
-	if (idx >= o->arraysize)
+	a = options_array_item(o, idx);
+	if (a == NULL)
 		return (NULL);
-	return (o->array[idx]);
+	return (a->value);
 }
 
 int
 options_array_set(struct options_entry *o, u_int idx, const char *value,
     int append)
 {
-	char	*new;
-	u_int	 i;
+	struct options_array_item	*a;
+	char				*new;
 
 	if (!OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o))
 		return (-1);
 
-	if (idx >= OPTIONS_ARRAY_LIMIT)
-		return (-1);
-	if (idx >= o->arraysize) {
-		o->array = xreallocarray(o->array, idx + 1, sizeof *o->array);
-		for (i = o->arraysize; i < idx + 1; i++)
-			o->array[i] = NULL;
-		o->arraysize = idx + 1;
+	a = options_array_item(o, idx);
+	if (value == NULL) {
+		if (a != NULL)
+			options_array_free(o, a);
+		return (0);
 	}
 
-	new = NULL;
-	if (value != NULL) {
-		if (o->array[idx] != NULL && append)
-			xasprintf(&new, "%s%s", o->array[idx], value);
+	if (a == NULL) {
+		a = xcalloc(1, sizeof *a);
+		a->index = idx;
+		a->value = xstrdup(value);
+		RB_INSERT(options_array, &o->array, a);
+	} else {
+		free(a->value);
+		if (a != NULL && append)
+			xasprintf(&new, "%s%s", a->value, value);
 		else
 			new = xstrdup(value);
+		a->value = new;
 	}
 
-	free((void *)o->array[idx]);
-	o->array[idx] = new;
-	return (0);
-}
-
-int
-options_array_size(struct options_entry *o, u_int *size)
-{
-	if (!OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o))
-		return (-1);
-	if (size != NULL)
-		*size = o->arraysize;
 	return (0);
 }
 
@@ -305,37 +338,69 @@ options_array_assign(struct options_entry *o, const char *s)
 	while ((next = strsep(&string, separator)) != NULL) {
 		if (*next == '\0')
 			continue;
-		for (i = 0; i < OPTIONS_ARRAY_LIMIT; i++) {
-			if (i >= o->arraysize || o->array[i] == NULL)
+		for (i = 0; i < UINT_MAX; i++) {
+			if (options_array_item(o, i) == NULL)
 				break;
 		}
-		if (i == OPTIONS_ARRAY_LIMIT)
+		if (i == UINT_MAX)
 			break;
 		options_array_set(o, i, next, 0);
 	}
 	free(copy);
 }
 
+struct options_array_item *
+options_array_first(struct options_entry *o)
+{
+	if (!OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o))
+		return (NULL);
+	return (RB_MIN(options_array, &o->array));
+}
+
+struct options_array_item *
+options_array_next(struct options_array_item *a)
+{
+	return (RB_NEXT(options_array, &o->array, a));
+}
+
+u_int
+options_array_item_index(struct options_array_item *a)
+{
+	return (a->index);
+}
+
+const char *
+options_array_item_value(struct options_array_item *a)
+{
+	return (a->value);
+}
+
+int
+options_isarray(struct options_entry *o)
+{
+	return (OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o));
+}
+
 int
 options_isstring(struct options_entry *o)
 {
-	if (o->tableentry == NULL)
-		return (1);
 	return (OPTIONS_IS_STRING(o) || OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o));
 }
 
 const char *
 options_tostring(struct options_entry *o, int idx, int numeric)
 {
-	static char	 s[1024];
-	const char	*tmp;
+	static char			 s[1024];
+	const char			*tmp;
+	struct options_array_item	*a;
 
 	if (OPTIONS_IS_ARRAY(o)) {
 		if (idx == -1)
 			return (NULL);
-		if ((u_int)idx >= o->arraysize || o->array[idx] == NULL)
+		a = options_array_item(o, idx);
+		if (a == NULL)
 			return ("");
-		return (o->array[idx]);
+		return (a->value);
 	}
 	if (OPTIONS_IS_STYLE(o))
 		return (style_tostring(&o->style));
diff --git a/resize.c b/resize.c
index 3726298f..868ddac8 100644
--- a/resize.c
+++ b/resize.c
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ recalculate_sizes(void)
 	 */
 	RB_FOREACH(s, sessions, &sessions) {
 		s->attached = 0;
-		status_update_saved(s);
+		status_update_cache(s);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/screen-redraw.c b/screen-redraw.c
index 0c537630..9880433d 100644
--- a/screen-redraw.c
+++ b/screen-redraw.c
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ screen_redraw_draw_status(struct screen_redraw_ctx *ctx)
 	struct client	*c = ctx->c;
 	struct window	*w = c->session->curw->window;
 	struct tty	*tty = &c->tty;
-	struct screen	*s = &c->status.status;
+	struct screen	*s = c->status.active;
 	u_int		 i, y;
 
 	log_debug("%s: %s @%u", __func__, c->name, w->id);
diff --git a/server-client.c b/server-client.c
index 7c879d2b..7b7720e4 100644
--- a/server-client.c
+++ b/server-client.c
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ server_client_create(int fd)
 	c->tty.sx = 80;
 	c->tty.sy = 24;
 
-	screen_init(&c->status.status, c->tty.sx, 1, 0);
+	status_init(c);
 
 	c->message_string = NULL;
 	TAILQ_INIT(&c->message_log);
@@ -279,13 +279,7 @@ server_client_lost(struct client *c)
 	if (c->stderr_data != c->stdout_data)
 		evbuffer_free(c->stderr_data);
 
-	if (event_initialized(&c->status.timer))
-		evtimer_del(&c->status.timer);
-	screen_free(&c->status.status);
-	if (c->status.old_status != NULL) {
-		screen_free(c->status.old_status);
-		free(c->status.old_status);
-	}
+	status_free(c);
 
 	free(c->title);
 	free((void *)c->cwd);
@@ -1547,7 +1541,7 @@ server_client_set_title(struct client *c)
 	ft = format_create(c, NULL, FORMAT_NONE, 0);
 	format_defaults(ft, c, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 
-	title = format_expand_time(ft, template, 0);
+	title = format_expand_time(ft, template);
 	if (c->title == NULL || strcmp(title, c->title) != 0) {
 		free(c->title);
 		c->title = xstrdup(title);
diff --git a/session.c b/session.c
index a1c8ddae..fe4a8875 100644
--- a/session.c
+++ b/session.c
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ session_create(const char *prefix, const char *name, int argc, char **argv,
 	s->options = oo;
 	s->hooks = hooks_create(global_hooks);
 
-	status_update_saved(s);
+	status_update_cache(s);
 
 	s->tio = NULL;
 	if (tio != NULL) {
diff --git a/status.c b/status.c
index 4da72866..de6d2716 100644
--- a/status.c
+++ b/status.c
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@
 
 #include "tmux.h"
 
-static char	*status_redraw_get_left(struct client *, time_t,
-		     struct grid_cell *, size_t *);
-static char	*status_redraw_get_right(struct client *, time_t,
-		     struct grid_cell *, size_t *);
-static char	*status_print(struct client *, struct winlink *, time_t,
+static char	*status_redraw_get_left(struct client *, struct grid_cell *,
+		     size_t *);
+static char	*status_redraw_get_right(struct client *, struct grid_cell *,
+		     size_t *);
+static char	*status_print(struct client *, struct winlink *,
 		     struct grid_cell *);
-static char	*status_replace(struct client *, struct winlink *, const char *,
-		     time_t);
+static char	*status_replace(struct client *, struct winlink *,
+		     const char *);
 static void	 status_message_callback(int, short, void *);
 static void	 status_timer_callback(int, short, void *);
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ status_timer_start_all(void)
 
 /* Update status cache. */
 void
-status_update_saved(struct session *s)
+status_update_cache(struct session *s)
 {
 	if (!options_get_number(s->options, "status"))
 		s->statusat = -1;
@@ -232,8 +232,7 @@ status_line_size(struct client *c)
 
 /* Retrieve options for left string. */
 static char *
-status_redraw_get_left(struct client *c, time_t t, struct grid_cell *gc,
-    size_t *size)
+status_redraw_get_left(struct client *c, struct grid_cell *gc, size_t *size)
 {
 	struct session	*s = c->session;
 	const char	*template;
@@ -243,7 +242,7 @@ status_redraw_get_left(struct client *c, time_t t, struct grid_cell *gc,
 	style_apply_update(gc, s->options, "status-left-style");
 
 	template = options_get_string(s->options, "status-left");
-	left = status_replace(c, NULL, template, t);
+	left = status_replace(c, NULL, template);
 
 	*size = options_get_number(s->options, "status-left-length");
 	leftlen = screen_write_cstrlen("%s", left);
@@ -254,8 +253,7 @@ status_redraw_get_left(struct client *c, time_t t, struct grid_cell *gc,
 
 /* Retrieve options for right string. */
 static char *
-status_redraw_get_right(struct client *c, time_t t, struct grid_cell *gc,
-    size_t *size)
+status_redraw_get_right(struct client *c, struct grid_cell *gc, size_t *size)
 {
 	struct session	*s = c->session;
 	const char	*template;
@@ -265,7 +263,7 @@ status_redraw_get_right(struct client *c, time_t t, struct grid_cell *gc,
 	style_apply_update(gc, s->options, "status-right-style");
 
 	template = options_get_string(s->options, "status-right");
-	right = status_replace(c, NULL, template, t);
+	right = status_replace(c, NULL, template);
 
 	*size = options_get_number(s->options, "status-right-length");
 	rightlen = screen_write_cstrlen("%s", right);
@@ -298,17 +296,69 @@ status_get_window_at(struct client *c, u_int x)
 	return (NULL);
 }
 
-/* Draw status for client on the last lines of given context. */
+/* Save old status line. */
+static void
+status_push_screen(struct client *c)
+{
+	struct status_line *sl = &c->status;
+
+	if (sl->active == &sl->screen) {
+		sl->active = xmalloc(sizeof *sl->active);
+		screen_init(sl->active, c->tty.sx, status_line_size(c), 0);
+	}
+	sl->references++;
+}
+
+/* Restore old status line. */
+static void
+status_pop_screen(struct client *c)
+{
+	struct status_line *sl = &c->status;
+
+	if (--sl->references == 0) {
+		screen_free(sl->active);
+		free(sl->active);
+		sl->active = &sl->screen;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Initialize status line. */
+void
+status_init(struct client *c)
+{
+	struct status_line	*sl = &c->status;
+
+	screen_init(&sl->screen, c->tty.sx, 1, 0);
+	sl->active = &sl->screen;
+}
+
+/* Free status line. */
+void
+status_free(struct client *c)
+{
+	struct status_line	*sl = &c->status;
+
+	if (event_initialized(&sl->timer))
+		evtimer_del(&sl->timer);
+
+	if (sl->active != &sl->screen) {
+		screen_free(sl->active);
+		free(sl->active);
+	}
+	screen_free(&sl->screen);
+}
+
+/* Draw status line for client. */
 int
 status_redraw(struct client *c)
 {
+	struct status_line	*sl = &c->status;
 	struct screen_write_ctx	 ctx;
 	struct session		*s = c->session;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
-	struct screen		 old_status, window_list;
+	struct screen		 old_screen, window_list;
 	struct grid_cell	 stdgc, lgc, rgc, gc;
 	struct options		*oo;
-	time_t			 t;
 	char			*left, *right;
 	const char		*sep;
 	u_int			 offset, needed, lines;
@@ -316,12 +366,9 @@ status_redraw(struct client *c)
 	size_t			 llen, rlen, seplen;
 	int			 larrow, rarrow;
 
-	/* Delete the saved status line, if any. */
-	if (c->status.old_status != NULL) {
-		screen_free(c->status.old_status);
-		free(c->status.old_status);
-		c->status.old_status = NULL;
-	}
+	/* Shouldn't get here if not the active screen. */
+	if (sl->active != &sl->screen)
+		fatalx("not the active screen");
 
 	/* No status line? */
 	lines = status_line_size(c);
@@ -330,16 +377,13 @@ status_redraw(struct client *c)
 	left = right = NULL;
 	larrow = rarrow = 0;
 
-	/* Store current time. */
-	t = time(NULL);
-
 	/* Set up default colour. */
 	style_apply(&stdgc, s->options, "status-style");
 
 	/* Create the target screen. */
-	memcpy(&old_status, &c->status.status, sizeof old_status);
-	screen_init(&c->status.status, c->tty.sx, lines, 0);
-	screen_write_start(&ctx, NULL, &c->status.status);
+	memcpy(&old_screen, sl->active, sizeof old_screen);
+	screen_init(sl->active, c->tty.sx, lines, 0);
+	screen_write_start(&ctx, NULL, sl->active);
 	for (offset = 0; offset < lines * c->tty.sx; offset++)
 		screen_write_putc(&ctx, &stdgc, ' ');
 	screen_write_stop(&ctx);
@@ -350,9 +394,9 @@ status_redraw(struct client *c)
 
 	/* Work out left and right strings. */
 	memcpy(&lgc, &stdgc, sizeof lgc);
-	left = status_redraw_get_left(c, t, &lgc, &llen);
+	left = status_redraw_get_left(c, &lgc, &llen);
 	memcpy(&rgc, &stdgc, sizeof rgc);
-	right = status_redraw_get_right(c, t, &rgc, &rlen);
+	right = status_redraw_get_right(c, &rgc, &rlen);
 
 	/*
 	 * Figure out how much space we have for the window list. If there
@@ -372,7 +416,7 @@ status_redraw(struct client *c)
 	RB_FOREACH(wl, winlinks, &s->windows) {
 		free(wl->status_text);
 		memcpy(&wl->status_cell, &stdgc, sizeof wl->status_cell);
-		wl->status_text = status_print(c, wl, t, &wl->status_cell);
+		wl->status_text = status_print(c, wl, &wl->status_cell);
 		wl->status_width = screen_write_cstrlen("%s", wl->status_text);
 
 		if (wl == s->curw)
@@ -462,7 +506,7 @@ status_redraw(struct client *c)
 
 draw:
 	/* Begin drawing. */
-	screen_write_start(&ctx, NULL, &c->status.status);
+	screen_write_start(&ctx, NULL, sl->active);
 
 	/* Draw the left string and arrow. */
 	screen_write_cursormove(&ctx, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -506,14 +550,14 @@ draw:
 		wloffset++;
 
 	/* Copy the window list. */
-	c->status.window_list_offset = -wloffset + wlstart;
+	sl->window_list_offset = -wloffset + wlstart;
 	screen_write_cursormove(&ctx, wloffset, 0, 0);
 	screen_write_fast_copy(&ctx, &window_list, wlstart, 0, wlwidth, 1);
 	screen_free(&window_list);
 
 	/* Save left and right size. */
-	c->status.left_size = llen;
-	c->status.right_size = rlen;
+	sl->left_size = llen;
+	sl->right_size = rlen;
 
 	screen_write_stop(&ctx);
 
@@ -521,17 +565,17 @@ out:
 	free(left);
 	free(right);
 
-	if (grid_compare(c->status.status.grid, old_status.grid) == 0) {
-		screen_free(&old_status);
+	if (grid_compare(sl->active->grid, old_screen.grid) == 0) {
+		screen_free(&old_screen);
 		return (0);
 	}
-	screen_free(&old_status);
+	screen_free(&old_screen);
 	return (1);
 }
 
 /* Replace special sequences in fmt. */
 static char *
-status_replace(struct client *c, struct winlink *wl, const char *fmt, time_t t)
+status_replace(struct client *c, struct winlink *wl, const char *fmt)
 {
 	struct format_tree	*ft;
 	char			*expanded;
@@ -550,7 +594,7 @@ status_replace(struct client *c, struct winlink *wl, const char *fmt, time_t t)
 		ft = format_create(c, NULL, tag, FORMAT_STATUS);
 	format_defaults(ft, c, NULL, wl, NULL);
 
-	expanded = format_expand_time(ft, fmt, t);
+	expanded = format_expand_time(ft, fmt);
 
 	format_free(ft);
 	return (expanded);
@@ -558,8 +602,7 @@ status_replace(struct client *c, struct winlink *wl, const char *fmt, time_t t)
 
 /* Return winlink status line entry and adjust gc as necessary. */
 static char *
-status_print(struct client *c, struct winlink *wl, time_t t,
-    struct grid_cell *gc)
+status_print(struct client *c, struct winlink *wl, struct grid_cell *gc)
 {
 	struct options	*oo = wl->window->options;
 	struct session	*s = c->session;
@@ -580,7 +623,7 @@ status_print(struct client *c, struct winlink *wl, time_t t,
 	else if (wl->flags & (WINLINK_ACTIVITY|WINLINK_SILENCE))
 		style_apply_update(gc, oo, "window-status-activity-style");
 
-	text = status_replace(c, wl, fmt, t);
+	text = status_replace(c, wl, fmt);
 	return (text);
 }
 
@@ -593,13 +636,7 @@ status_message_set(struct client *c, const char *fmt, ...)
 	int		delay;
 
 	status_message_clear(c);
-
-	if (c->status.old_status == NULL) {
-		c->status.old_status = xmalloc(sizeof *c->status.old_status);
-		memcpy(c->status.old_status, &c->status.status,
-		    sizeof *c->status.old_status);
-		screen_init(&c->status.status, c->tty.sx, 1, 0);
-	}
+	status_push_screen(c);
 
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	xvasprintf(&c->message_string, fmt, ap);
@@ -636,7 +673,7 @@ status_message_clear(struct client *c)
 		c->tty.flags &= ~(TTY_NOCURSOR|TTY_FREEZE);
 	c->flags |= CLIENT_ALLREDRAWFLAGS; /* was frozen and may have changed */
 
-	screen_reinit(&c->status.status);
+	status_pop_screen(c);
 }
 
 /* Clear status line message after timer expires. */
@@ -652,23 +689,22 @@ status_message_callback(__unused int fd, __unused short event, void *data)
 int
 status_message_redraw(struct client *c)
 {
-	struct screen_write_ctx		ctx;
-	struct session		       *s = c->session;
-	struct screen		        old_status;
-	size_t			        len;
-	struct grid_cell		gc;
-	u_int				lines, offset;
+	struct status_line	*sl = &c->status;
+	struct screen_write_ctx	 ctx;
+	struct session		*s = c->session;
+	struct screen		 old_screen;
+	size_t			 len;
+	u_int			 lines, offset;
+	struct grid_cell	 gc;
 
 	if (c->tty.sx == 0 || c->tty.sy == 0)
 		return (0);
-	memcpy(&old_status, &c->status.status, sizeof old_status);
+	memcpy(&old_screen, sl->active, sizeof old_screen);
 
 	lines = status_line_size(c);
-	if (lines <= 1) {
+	if (lines <= 1)
 		lines = 1;
-		screen_init(&c->status.status, c->tty.sx, 1, 0);
-	} else
-		screen_init(&c->status.status, c->tty.sx, lines, 0);
+	screen_init(sl->active, c->tty.sx, lines, 0);
 
 	len = screen_write_strlen("%s", c->message_string);
 	if (len > c->tty.sx)
@@ -676,7 +712,7 @@ status_message_redraw(struct client *c)
 
 	style_apply(&gc, s->options, "message-style");
 
-	screen_write_start(&ctx, NULL, &c->status.status);
+	screen_write_start(&ctx, NULL, sl->active);
 	screen_write_cursormove(&ctx, 0, 0, 0);
 	for (offset = 0; offset < lines * c->tty.sx; offset++)
 		screen_write_putc(&ctx, &gc, ' ');
@@ -684,11 +720,11 @@ status_message_redraw(struct client *c)
 	screen_write_nputs(&ctx, len, &gc, "%s", c->message_string);
 	screen_write_stop(&ctx);
 
-	if (grid_compare(c->status.status.grid, old_status.grid) == 0) {
-		screen_free(&old_status);
+	if (grid_compare(sl->active->grid, old_screen.grid) == 0) {
+		screen_free(&old_screen);
 		return (0);
 	}
-	screen_free(&old_status);
+	screen_free(&old_screen);
 	return (1);
 }
 
@@ -698,31 +734,23 @@ status_prompt_set(struct client *c, const char *msg, const char *input,
     prompt_input_cb inputcb, prompt_free_cb freecb, void *data, int flags)
 {
 	struct format_tree	*ft;
-	time_t			 t;
 	char			*tmp, *cp;
 
 	ft = format_create(c, NULL, FORMAT_NONE, 0);
 	format_defaults(ft, c, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-	t = time(NULL);
 
 	if (input == NULL)
 		input = "";
 	if (flags & PROMPT_NOFORMAT)
 		tmp = xstrdup(input);
 	else
-		tmp = format_expand_time(ft, input, t);
+		tmp = format_expand_time(ft, input);
 
 	status_message_clear(c);
 	status_prompt_clear(c);
+	status_push_screen(c);
 
-	if (c->status.old_status == NULL) {
-		c->status.old_status = xmalloc(sizeof *c->status.old_status);
-		memcpy(c->status.old_status, &c->status.status,
-		    sizeof *c->status.old_status);
-		screen_init(&c->status.status, c->tty.sx, 1, 0);
-	}
-
-	c->prompt_string = format_expand_time(ft, msg, t);
+	c->prompt_string = format_expand_time(ft, msg);
 
 	c->prompt_buffer = utf8_fromcstr(tmp);
 	c->prompt_index = utf8_strlen(c->prompt_buffer);
@@ -772,7 +800,7 @@ status_prompt_clear(struct client *c)
 	c->tty.flags &= ~(TTY_NOCURSOR|TTY_FREEZE);
 	c->flags |= CLIENT_ALLREDRAWFLAGS; /* was frozen and may have changed */
 
-	screen_reinit(&c->status.status);
+	status_pop_screen(c);
 }
 
 /* Update status line prompt with a new prompt string. */
@@ -780,17 +808,15 @@ void
 status_prompt_update(struct client *c, const char *msg, const char *input)
 {
 	struct format_tree	*ft;
-	time_t			 t;
 	char			*tmp;
 
 	ft = format_create(c, NULL, FORMAT_NONE, 0);
 	format_defaults(ft, c, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 
-	t = time(NULL);
-	tmp = format_expand_time(ft, input, t);
+	tmp = format_expand_time(ft, input);
 
 	free(c->prompt_string);
-	c->prompt_string = format_expand_time(ft, msg, t);
+	c->prompt_string = format_expand_time(ft, msg);
 
 	free(c->prompt_buffer);
 	c->prompt_buffer = utf8_fromcstr(tmp);
@@ -808,23 +834,22 @@ status_prompt_update(struct client *c, const char *msg, const char *input)
 int
 status_prompt_redraw(struct client *c)
 {
+	struct status_line	*sl = &c->status;
 	struct screen_write_ctx	 ctx;
 	struct session		*s = c->session;
-	struct screen		 old_status;
-	u_int			 i, offset, left, start, pcursor, pwidth, width;
-	u_int			 lines;
+	struct screen		 old_screen;
+	u_int			 i, lines, offset, left, start, width;
+	u_int			 pcursor, pwidth;
 	struct grid_cell	 gc, cursorgc;
 
 	if (c->tty.sx == 0 || c->tty.sy == 0)
 		return (0);
-	memcpy(&old_status, &c->status.status, sizeof old_status);
+	memcpy(&old_screen, sl->active, sizeof old_screen);
 
 	lines = status_line_size(c);
-	if (lines <= 1) {
+	if (lines <= 1)
 		lines = 1;
-		screen_init(&c->status.status, c->tty.sx, 1, 0);
-	} else
-		screen_init(&c->status.status, c->tty.sx, lines, 0);
+	screen_init(sl->active, c->tty.sx, lines, 0);
 
 	if (c->prompt_mode == PROMPT_COMMAND)
 		style_apply(&gc, s->options, "message-command-style");
@@ -838,7 +863,7 @@ status_prompt_redraw(struct client *c)
 	if (start > c->tty.sx)
 		start = c->tty.sx;
 
-	screen_write_start(&ctx, NULL, &c->status.status);
+	screen_write_start(&ctx, NULL, sl->active);
 	screen_write_cursormove(&ctx, 0, 0, 0);
 	for (offset = 0; offset < lines * c->tty.sx; offset++)
 		screen_write_putc(&ctx, &gc, ' ');
@@ -884,18 +909,17 @@ status_prompt_redraw(struct client *c)
 			screen_write_cell(&ctx, &cursorgc);
 		}
 	}
-	if (c->status.status.cx < screen_size_x(&c->status.status) &&
-	    c->prompt_index >= i)
+	if (sl->active->cx < screen_size_x(sl->active) && c->prompt_index >= i)
 		screen_write_putc(&ctx, &cursorgc, ' ');
 
 finished:
 	screen_write_stop(&ctx);
 
-	if (grid_compare(c->status.status.grid, old_status.grid) == 0) {
-		screen_free(&old_status);
+	if (grid_compare(sl->active->grid, old_screen.grid) == 0) {
+		screen_free(&old_screen);
 		return (0);
 	}
-	screen_free(&old_status);
+	screen_free(&old_screen);
 	return (1);
 }
 
@@ -1486,9 +1510,10 @@ status_prompt_complete_list(u_int *size, const char *s)
 	const char				**layout, *value, *cp;
 	const struct cmd_entry			**cmdent;
 	const struct options_table_entry	 *oe;
-	u_int					  items, idx;
+	u_int					  idx;
 	size_t					  slen = strlen(s), valuelen;
 	struct options_entry			 *o;
+	struct options_array_item		 *a;
 	const char				 *layouts[] = {
 		"even-horizontal", "even-vertical", "main-horizontal",
 		"main-vertical", "tiled", NULL
@@ -1514,16 +1539,22 @@ status_prompt_complete_list(u_int *size, const char *s)
 		}
 	}
 	o = options_get_only(global_options, "command-alias");
-	if (o != NULL && options_array_size(o, &items) != -1) {
-		for (idx = 0; idx < items; idx++) {
-			value = options_array_get(o, idx);
+	if (o != NULL) {
+		a = options_array_first(o);
+		while (a != NULL) {
+			value = options_array_item_value(a);;
 			if (value == NULL || (cp = strchr(value, '=')) == NULL)
-				continue;
+				goto next;
+
 			valuelen = cp - value;
 			if (slen > valuelen || strncmp(value, s, slen) != 0)
-				continue;
+				goto next;
+
 			list = xreallocarray(list, (*size) + 1, sizeof *list);
 			list[(*size)++] = xstrndup(value, valuelen);
+
+		next:
+			a = options_array_next(a);
 		}
 	}
 	for (idx = 0; idx < (*size); idx++)
diff --git a/style.c b/style.c
index af4affc8..293c70f1 100644
--- a/style.c
+++ b/style.c
@@ -39,24 +39,24 @@ static struct style style_default = {
 int
 style_parse(struct style *sy, const struct grid_cell *base, const char *in)
 {
-	struct style	 saved;
-	const char	 delimiters[] = " ,";
-	char		 tmp[32];
-	int		 value, fg, bg, attr, flags;
-	size_t		 end;
+	struct style	saved;
+	const char	delimiters[] = " ,";
+	char		tmp[32];
+	int		value;
+	size_t		end;
 
 	if (*in == '\0')
 		return (0);
-	if (strchr(delimiters, in[strlen(in) - 1]) != NULL)
-		return (-1);
 	style_copy(&saved, sy);
 
-	fg = sy->gc.fg;
-	bg = sy->gc.bg;
-	attr = sy->gc.attr;
-	flags = sy->gc.flags;
-
 	do {
+		while (*in != '\0' && strchr(delimiters, *in) != NULL) {
+			in++;
+			end--;
+		}
+		if (*in == '\0')
+			break;
+
 		end = strcspn(in, delimiters);
 		if (end > (sizeof tmp) - 1)
 			goto error;
@@ -64,45 +64,40 @@ style_parse(struct style *sy, const struct grid_cell *base, const char *in)
 		tmp[end] = '\0';
 
 		if (strcasecmp(tmp, "default") == 0) {
-			fg = base->fg;
-			bg = base->bg;
-			attr = base->attr;
-			flags = base->flags;
+			sy->gc.fg = base->fg;
+			sy->gc.bg = base->bg;
+			sy->gc.attr = base->attr;
+			sy->gc.flags = base->flags;
 		} else if (end > 3 && strncasecmp(tmp + 1, "g=", 2) == 0) {
 			if ((value = colour_fromstring(tmp + 3)) == -1)
 				goto error;
 			if (*in == 'f' || *in == 'F') {
 				if (value != 8)
-					fg = value;
+					sy->gc.fg = value;
 				else
-					fg = base->fg;
+					sy->gc.fg = base->fg;
 			} else if (*in == 'b' || *in == 'B') {
 				if (value != 8)
-					bg = value;
+					sy->gc.bg = value;
 				else
-					bg = base->bg;
+					sy->gc.bg = base->bg;
 			} else
 				goto error;
 		} else if (strcasecmp(tmp, "none") == 0)
-			attr = 0;
+			sy->gc.attr = 0;
 		else if (end > 2 && strncasecmp(tmp, "no", 2) == 0) {
 			if ((value = attributes_fromstring(tmp + 2)) == -1)
 				goto error;
-			attr &= ~value;
+			sy->gc.attr &= ~value;
 		} else {
 			if ((value = attributes_fromstring(tmp)) == -1)
 				goto error;
-			attr |= value;
+			sy->gc.attr |= value;
 		}
 
 		in += end + strspn(in + end, delimiters);
 	} while (*in != '\0');
 
-	sy->gc.fg = fg;
-	sy->gc.bg = bg;
-	sy->gc.attr = attr;
-	sy->gc.flags = flags;
-
 	return (0);
 
 error:
@@ -122,18 +117,18 @@ style_tostring(struct style *sy)
 	*s = '\0';
 
 	if (gc->fg != 8) {
-		off += xsnprintf(s + off, sizeof s - off, "%sfg=%s",
-		    comma, colour_tostring(gc->fg));
+		off += xsnprintf(s + off, sizeof s - off, "%sfg=%s", comma,
+		    colour_tostring(gc->fg));
 		comma = ",";
 	}
 	if (gc->bg != 8) {
-		off += xsnprintf(s + off, sizeof s - off, "%sbg=%s",
-		    comma, colour_tostring(gc->bg));
+		off += xsnprintf(s + off, sizeof s - off, "%sbg=%s", comma,
+		    colour_tostring(gc->bg));
 		comma = ",";
 	}
 	if (gc->attr != 0 && gc->attr != GRID_ATTR_CHARSET) {
-		xsnprintf(s + off, sizeof s - off, "%s%s",
-		    comma, attributes_tostring(gc->attr));
+		xsnprintf(s + off, sizeof s - off, "%s%s", comma,
+		    attributes_tostring(gc->attr));
 		comma = ",";
 	}
 
@@ -174,7 +169,7 @@ style_apply_update(struct grid_cell *gc, struct options *oo, const char *name)
 void
 style_set(struct style *sy, const struct grid_cell *gc)
 {
-	memset(sy, 0, sizeof *sy);
+	memcpy(sy, &style_default, sizeof *sy);
 	memcpy(&sy->gc, gc, sizeof sy->gc);
 }
 
diff --git a/tmux.1 b/tmux.1
index d7ec2fbe..aadf113b 100644
--- a/tmux.1
+++ b/tmux.1
@@ -2837,82 +2837,19 @@ The default is to run
 with
 .Fl np .
 .It Ic message-command-style Ar style
-Set status line message command style, where
-.Ar style
-is a comma-separated list of characteristics to be specified.
-.Pp
-The style format is shared by many options and may be:
-.Ql bg=colour
-to set the background colour,
-.Ql fg=colour
-to set the foreground colour, and a list of attributes as specified below.
-.Pp
-The colour is one of:
-.Ic black ,
-.Ic red ,
-.Ic green ,
-.Ic yellow ,
-.Ic blue ,
-.Ic magenta ,
-.Ic cyan ,
-.Ic white ,
-aixterm bright variants (if supported:
-.Ic brightred ,
-.Ic brightgreen ,
-and so on),
-.Ic colour0
-to
-.Ic colour255
-from the 256-colour set,
-.Ic default
-for the default colour (inherited from another option in the case of some options, for example
-.Ic window-status-style
-inherits from
-.Ic status-style ) ,
-.Ic terminal
-for the terminal default colour, or a hexadecimal RGB string such as
-.Ql #ffffff .
-.Pp
-The attributes is either
-.Ic none
-or a comma-delimited list of one or more of:
-.Ic bright
-(or
-.Ic bold ) ,
-.Ic dim ,
-.Ic underscore ,
-.Ic blink ,
-.Ic reverse ,
-.Ic hidden ,
-.Ic italics ,
-.Ic strikethrough ,
-.Ic double-underscore
-.Ic curly-underscore
-.Ic dotted-underscore
-or
-.Ic dashed-underscore
-to turn an attribute on, or an attribute prefixed with
-.Ql no
-to turn one off.
-.Pp
-Examples are:
-.Bd -literal -offset indent
-fg=yellow,bold,underscore,blink
-bg=black,fg=default,noreverse
-.Ed
-.Pp
-With the
-.Fl a
-flag to the
-.Ic set-option
-command the new style is added otherwise the existing style is replaced.
+Set status line message command style.
+For how to specify
+.Ar style ,
+see the
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .It Ic message-style Ar style
 Set status line message style.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .It Xo Ic mouse
 .Op Ic on | off
 .Xc
@@ -3019,17 +2956,12 @@ Display
 (by default the session name) to the left of the status line.
 .Ar string
 will be passed through
-.Xr strftime 3
-and formats (see
-.Sx FORMATS )
-will be expanded.
-It may also contain the special character sequence #[] to change the colour
-or attributes, for example
-.Ql #[fg=red,bright]
-to set a bright red foreground.
-See the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option for a description of colours and attributes.
+.Xr strftime 3 .
+Also see the
+.Sx FORMATS
+and
+.Sx STYLES
+sections.
 .Pp
 For details on how the names and titles can be set see the
 .Sx "NAMES AND TITLES"
@@ -3053,8 +2985,8 @@ Set the style of the left part of the status line.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .It Xo Ic status-position
 .Op Ic top | bottom
 .Xc
@@ -3081,15 +3013,15 @@ Set the style of the right part of the status line.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .It Ic status-style Ar style
 Set status line style.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .It Ic update-environment[] Ar variable
 Set list of environment variables to be copied into the session environment
 when a new session is created or an existing session is attached.
@@ -3266,8 +3198,8 @@ Set window modes style.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .Pp
 .It Xo Ic monitor-activity
 .Op Ic on | off
@@ -3315,8 +3247,8 @@ Set the pane border style for the currently active pane.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 Attributes are ignored.
 .Pp
 .It Ic pane-base-index Ar index
@@ -3337,8 +3269,8 @@ Set the pane border style for panes aside from the active pane.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 Attributes are ignored.
 .Pp
 .It Xo Ic remain-on-exit
@@ -3361,24 +3293,24 @@ Set the style for the window's active pane.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .Pp
 .It Ic window-status-activity-style Ar style
 Set status line style for windows with an activity alert.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .Pp
 .It Ic window-status-bell-style Ar style
 Set status line style for windows with a bell alert.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .Pp
 .It Ic window-status-current-format Ar string
 Like
@@ -3390,24 +3322,24 @@ Set status line style for the currently active window.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .Pp
 .It Ic window-status-format Ar string
 Set the format in which the window is displayed in the status line window list.
 See the
-.Ar status-left
-option for details of special character sequences available.
-The default is
-.Ql #I:#W#F .
+.Sx FORMATS
+and
+.Sx STYLES
+sections.
 .Pp
 .It Ic window-status-last-style Ar style
 Set status line style for the last active window.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .Pp
 .It Ic window-status-separator Ar string
 Sets the separator drawn between windows in the status line.
@@ -3418,8 +3350,8 @@ Set status line style for a single window.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .Pp
 .It Xo Ic Ic window-size
 .Ar largest | Ar smallest | Ar manual
@@ -3448,8 +3380,8 @@ Set the default window style.
 For how to specify
 .Ar style ,
 see the
-.Ic message-command-style
-option.
+.Sx STYLES
+section.
 .Pp
 .It Xo Ic wrap-search
 .Op Ic on | off
@@ -3978,6 +3910,7 @@ The following variables are available, where appropriate:
 .It Li "window_active" Ta "" Ta "1 if window active"
 .It Li "window_bell_flag" Ta "" Ta "1 if window has bell"
 .It Li "window_bigger" Ta "" Ta "1 if window is larger than client"
+.It Li "window_end_flag" Ta "" Ta "1 if window has the highest index"
 .It Li "window_flags" Ta "#F" Ta "Window flags"
 .It Li "window_format" Ta "" Ta "1 if format is for a window (not assuming the current)"
 .It Li "window_height" Ta "" Ta "Height of window"
@@ -3992,11 +3925,83 @@ The following variables are available, where appropriate:
 .It Li "window_panes" Ta "" Ta "Number of panes in window"
 .It Li "window_silence_flag" Ta "" Ta "1 if window has silence alert"
 .It Li "window_stack_index" Ta "" Ta "Index in session most recent stack"
+.It Li "window_start_flag" Ta "" Ta "1 if window has the lowest index"
 .It Li "window_visible_layout" Ta "" Ta "Window layout description, respecting zoomed window panes"
 .It Li "window_width" Ta "" Ta "Width of window"
 .It Li "window_zoomed_flag" Ta "" Ta "1 if window is zoomed"
 .It Li "wrap_flag" Ta "" Ta "Pane wrap flag"
 .El
+.Sh STYLES
+.Nm
+offers various options to specify the colour and attributes of aspects of the
+interface, for example
+.Ic status-style
+for the status line.
+In addition, embedded styles may be specified in format options, such as
+.Ic status-left-format ,
+by enclosing them in
+.Ql #[
+and
+.Ql ] .
+.Pp
+A style may be the single term
+.Ql default
+to specify the default style (which may inherit from another option) or a space
+separated list of the following:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Ic fg=colour
+Set the foreground colour.
+The colour is one of:
+.Ic black ,
+.Ic red ,
+.Ic green ,
+.Ic yellow ,
+.Ic blue ,
+.Ic magenta ,
+.Ic cyan ,
+.Ic white ;
+if supported the bright variants
+.Ic brightred ,
+.Ic brightgreen ,
+.Ic brightyellow ;
+.Ic colour0
+to
+.Ic colour255
+from the 256-colour set;
+.Ic default
+for the default colour;
+.Ic terminal
+for the terminal default colour; or a hexadecimal RGB string such as
+.Ql #ffffff .
+.It Ic bg=colour
+Set the background colour.
+.It Ic none
+Set no attributes (turn off any active attributes).
+.It Xo Ic bright (or
+.Ic bold )
+.Ic dim ,
+.Ic underscore ,
+.Ic blink ,
+.Ic reverse ,
+.Ic hidden ,
+.Ic italics ,
+.Ic strikethrough ,
+.Ic double-underscore ,
+.Ic curly-underscore ,
+.Ic dotted-underscore ,
+.Ic dashed-underscore
+.Xc
+Set an attribute.
+Any of the attributes may be prefixed with
+.Ql no
+to unset.
+.El
+.Pp
+Examples are:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+fg=yellow,bold,underscore,blink
+bg=black,fg=default,noreverse
+.Ed
 .Sh NAMES AND TITLES
 .Nm
 distinguishes between names and titles.
@@ -4277,7 +4282,7 @@ option.
 This command works only from inside
 .Nm .
 .It Xo Ic display-message
-.Op Fl p
+.Op Fl pv
 .Op Fl c Ar target-client
 .Op Fl t Ar target-pane
 .Op Ar message
@@ -4299,6 +4304,10 @@ if
 .Fl t
 is given, otherwise the active pane for the session attached to
 .Ar target-client .
+.Pp
+With
+.Fl v ,
+verbose logging is printed as the format is parsed.
 .El
 .Sh BUFFERS
 .Nm
diff --git a/tmux.h b/tmux.h
index db36f174..db45ac13 100644
--- a/tmux.h
+++ b/tmux.h
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ struct mode_tree_data;
 struct mouse_event;
 struct options;
 struct options_entry;
+struct options_array_item;
 struct session;
 struct tmuxpeer;
 struct tmuxproc;
@@ -1316,8 +1317,9 @@ struct cmd_entry {
 struct status_line {
 	struct event	 timer;
 
-	struct screen	 status;
-	struct screen	*old_status;
+	struct screen	 screen;
+	struct screen	*active;
+	int		 references;
 
 	int		 window_list_offset;
 
@@ -1436,8 +1438,6 @@ struct client {
 	struct session	*session;
 	struct session	*last_session;
 
-	int		 wlmouse;
-
 	int		 references;
 
 	void		*pan_window;
@@ -1501,6 +1501,7 @@ struct options_table_entry {
 
 	const char		 *default_str;
 	long long		  default_num;
+	const char		**default_arr;
 
 	const char		 *separator;
 	const char		 *style;
@@ -1577,6 +1578,7 @@ char		*paste_make_sample(struct paste_buffer *);
 #define FORMAT_STATUS 0x1
 #define FORMAT_FORCE 0x2
 #define FORMAT_NOJOBS 0x4
+#define FORMAT_VERBOSE 0x8
 #define FORMAT_NONE 0
 #define FORMAT_PANE 0x80000000U
 #define FORMAT_WINDOW 0x40000000U
@@ -1587,7 +1589,7 @@ struct format_tree *format_create(struct client *, struct cmdq_item *, int,
 void		 format_free(struct format_tree *);
 void printflike(3, 4) format_add(struct format_tree *, const char *,
 		     const char *, ...);
-char		*format_expand_time(struct format_tree *, const char *, time_t);
+char		*format_expand_time(struct format_tree *, const char *);
 char		*format_expand(struct format_tree *, const char *);
 char		*format_single(struct cmdq_item *, const char *,
 		     struct client *, struct session *, struct winlink *,
@@ -1643,8 +1645,12 @@ void		 options_array_clear(struct options_entry *);
 const char	*options_array_get(struct options_entry *, u_int);
 int		 options_array_set(struct options_entry *, u_int, const char *,
 		     int);
-int		 options_array_size(struct options_entry *, u_int *);
 void		 options_array_assign(struct options_entry *, const char *);
+struct options_array_item *options_array_first(struct options_entry *);
+struct options_array_item *options_array_next(struct options_array_item *);
+u_int		 options_array_item_index(struct options_array_item *);
+const char	*options_array_item_value(struct options_array_item *);
+int		 options_isarray(struct options_entry *);
 int		 options_isstring(struct options_entry *);
 const char	*options_tostring(struct options_entry *, int, int);
 char		*options_parse(const char *, int *);
@@ -1969,10 +1975,12 @@ void	 server_unzoom_window(struct window *);
 /* status.c */
 void	 status_timer_start(struct client *);
 void	 status_timer_start_all(void);
-void	 status_update_saved(struct session *);
+void	 status_update_cache(struct session *);
 int	 status_at_line(struct client *);
 u_int	 status_line_size(struct client *);
 struct window *status_get_window_at(struct client *, u_int);
+void	 status_init(struct client *);
+void	 status_free(struct client *);
 int	 status_redraw(struct client *);
 void printflike(2, 3) status_message_set(struct client *, const char *, ...);
 void	 status_message_clear(struct client *);
diff --git a/tty-keys.c b/tty-keys.c
index 3eb8d428..da84077b 100644
--- a/tty-keys.c
+++ b/tty-keys.c
@@ -398,9 +398,10 @@ tty_keys_build(struct tty *tty)
 {
 	const struct tty_default_key_raw	*tdkr;
 	const struct tty_default_key_code	*tdkc;
-	u_int		 			 i, size;
+	u_int		 			 i;
 	const char				*s, *value;
 	struct options_entry			*o;
+	struct options_array_item		*a;
 
 	if (tty->key_tree != NULL)
 		tty_keys_free(tty);
@@ -423,11 +424,13 @@ tty_keys_build(struct tty *tty)
 	}
 
 	o = options_get(global_options, "user-keys");
-	if (o != NULL && options_array_size(o, &size) != -1) {
-		for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-			value = options_array_get(o, i);
+	if (o != NULL) {
+		a = options_array_first(o);
+		while (a != NULL) {
+			value = options_array_item_value(a);
 			if (value != NULL)
 				tty_keys_add(tty, value, KEYC_USER + i);
+			a = options_array_next(a);
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/tty-term.c b/tty-term.c
index b43fe06e..def0feec 100644
--- a/tty-term.c
+++ b/tty-term.c
@@ -419,7 +419,8 @@ tty_term_find(char *name, int fd, char **cause)
 	const struct tty_term_code_entry	*ent;
 	struct tty_code				*code;
 	struct options_entry			*o;
-	u_int					 size, i;
+	struct options_array_item		*a;
+	u_int					 i;
 	int		 			 n, error;
 	const char				*s, *acs;
 
@@ -494,12 +495,12 @@ tty_term_find(char *name, int fd, char **cause)
 
 	/* Apply terminal overrides. */
 	o = options_get_only(global_options, "terminal-overrides");
-	if (options_array_size(o, &size) != -1) {
-		for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-			s = options_array_get(o, i);
-			if (s != NULL)
-				tty_term_override(term, s);
-		}
+	a = options_array_first(o);
+	while (a != NULL) {
+		s = options_array_item_value(a);
+		if (s != NULL)
+			tty_term_override(term, s);
+		a = options_array_next(a);
 	}
 
 	/* Delete curses data. */
diff --git a/window-client.c b/window-client.c
index f86d8676..db1edbb3 100644
--- a/window-client.c
+++ b/window-client.c
@@ -229,10 +229,7 @@ window_client_draw(__unused void *modedata, void *itemdata,
 	screen_write_hline(ctx, sx, 0, 0);
 
 	screen_write_cursormove(ctx, cx, cy + sy - 1, 0);
-	if (c->status.old_status != NULL)
-		screen_write_fast_copy(ctx, c->status.old_status, 0, 0, sx, 1);
-	else
-		screen_write_fast_copy(ctx, &c->status.status, 0, 0, sx, 1);
+	screen_write_fast_copy(ctx, &c->status.screen, 0, 0, sx, 1);
 }
 
 static struct screen *