diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index cebcac8e..f78b1615 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -60,12 +60,10 @@ SRCS=	arguments.c \
 	cmd-select-pane.c \
 	cmd-select-window.c \
 	cmd-send-keys.c \
-	cmd-send-prefix.c \
 	cmd-server-info.c \
 	cmd-set-buffer.c \
 	cmd-set-environment.c \
 	cmd-set-option.c \
-	cmd-show-buffer.c \
 	cmd-show-environment.c \
 	cmd-show-messages.c \
 	cmd-show-options.c \
@@ -80,6 +78,7 @@ SRCS=	arguments.c \
 	cmd-unbind-key.c \
 	cmd-unlink-window.c \
 	cmd.c \
+	cmd-queue.c \
 	colour.c \
 	control.c \
 	control-notify.c \
diff --git a/cfg.c b/cfg.c
index b7b0ec78..e4069d68 100644
--- a/cfg.c
+++ b/cfg.c
@@ -27,80 +27,27 @@
 
 #include "tmux.h"
 
-/*
- * Config file parser. Pretty quick and simple, each line is parsed into a
- * argv array and executed as a command.
- */
-
-void printflike2 cfg_print(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-void printflike2 cfg_error(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-
-char			*cfg_cause;
+struct cmd_q		*cfg_cmd_q;
 int			 cfg_finished;
-int	 		 cfg_references;
+int			 cfg_references;
 struct causelist	 cfg_causes;
 
-void printflike2
-cfg_print(unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx, unused const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-}
-
-void printflike2
-cfg_error(unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	va_list	ap;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	xvasprintf(&cfg_cause, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-}
-
-void printflike2
-cfg_add_cause(struct causelist *causes, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	char	*cause;
-	va_list	 ap;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	xvasprintf(&cause, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	ARRAY_ADD(causes, cause);
-}
-
-/*
- * Load configuration file. Returns -1 for an error with a list of messages in
- * causes. Note that causes must be initialised by the caller!
- */
-enum cmd_retval
-load_cfg(const char *path, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, struct causelist *causes)
+int
+load_cfg(const char *path, struct cmd_q *cmdq, char **cause)
 {
 	FILE		*f;
-	u_int		 n;
-	char		*buf, *copy, *line, *cause;
+	u_int		 n, found;
+	char		*buf, *copy, *line, *cause1, *msg;
 	size_t		 len, oldlen;
 	struct cmd_list	*cmdlist;
-	enum cmd_retval	 retval;
 
 	if ((f = fopen(path, "rb")) == NULL) {
-		cfg_add_cause(causes, "%s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
-		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
+		xasprintf(cause, "%s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
+		return (-1);
 	}
 
-	cfg_references++;
-
-	if (ctx != NULL)
-		cmd_ref_ctx(ctx);
-	else {
-		ctx = cmd_get_ctx(NULL, NULL);
-		ctx->error = cfg_error;
-		ctx->print = cfg_print;
-		ctx->info = cfg_print;
-	}
-
-	n = 0;
+	n = found = 0;
 	line = NULL;
-	retval = CMD_RETURN_NORMAL;
 	while ((buf = fgetln(f, &len))) {
 		/* Trim \n. */
 		if (buf[len - 1] == '\n')
@@ -142,53 +89,47 @@ load_cfg(const char *path, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, struct causelist *causes)
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		if (cmd_string_parse(buf, &cmdlist, &cause) != 0) {
+		/* Parse and run the command. */
+		if (cmd_string_parse(buf, &cmdlist, path, n, &cause1) != 0) {
 			free(copy);
-			if (cause == NULL)
+			if (cause1 == NULL)
 				continue;
-			cfg_add_cause(causes, "%s: %u: %s", path, n, cause);
-			free(cause);
+			xasprintf(&msg, "%s:%u: %s", path, n, cause1);
+			ARRAY_ADD(&cfg_causes, msg);
+			free(cause1);
 			continue;
 		}
 		free(copy);
+
 		if (cmdlist == NULL)
 			continue;
-
-		cfg_cause = NULL;
-		switch (cmd_list_exec(cmdlist, ctx)) {
-		case CMD_RETURN_YIELD:
-			if (retval != CMD_RETURN_ATTACH)
-				retval = CMD_RETURN_YIELD;
-			break;
-		case CMD_RETURN_ATTACH:
-			retval = CMD_RETURN_ATTACH;
-			break;
-		case CMD_RETURN_ERROR:
-		case CMD_RETURN_NORMAL:
-			break;
-		}
+		cmdq_append(cmdq, cmdlist);
 		cmd_list_free(cmdlist);
-		if (cfg_cause != NULL) {
-			cfg_add_cause(causes, "%s: %d: %s", path, n, cfg_cause);
-			free(cfg_cause);
-		}
+		found++;
 	}
-	if (line != NULL) {
-		cfg_add_cause(causes,
-		    "%s: %d: line continuation at end of file", path, n);
+	if (line != NULL)
 		free(line);
-	}
 	fclose(f);
 
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
-
-	cfg_references--;
-
-	return (retval);
+	return (found);
 }
 
 void
-show_cfg_causes(struct session *s)
+cfg_default_done(unused struct cmd_q *cmdq)
+{
+	if (--cfg_references != 0)
+		return;
+	cfg_finished = 1;
+
+	if (!RB_EMPTY(&sessions))
+		cfg_show_causes(RB_MIN(sessions, &sessions));
+
+	cmdq_free(cfg_cmd_q);
+	cfg_cmd_q = NULL;
+}
+
+void
+cfg_show_causes(struct session *s)
 {
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
 	char			*cause;
@@ -196,7 +137,6 @@ show_cfg_causes(struct session *s)
 
 	if (s == NULL || ARRAY_EMPTY(&cfg_causes))
 		return;
-
 	wp = s->curw->window->active;
 
 	window_pane_set_mode(wp, &window_copy_mode);
diff --git a/client.c b/client.c
index 92c3fca3..8693afeb 100644
--- a/client.c
+++ b/client.c
@@ -188,7 +188,8 @@ client_main(int argc, char **argv, int flags)
 		 * later in server) but it is necessary to get the start server
 		 * flag.
 		 */
-		if ((cmdlist = cmd_list_parse(argc, argv, &cause)) == NULL) {
+		cmdlist = cmd_list_parse(argc, argv, NULL, 0, &cause);
+		if (cmdlist == NULL) {
 			fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", cause);
 			return (1);
 		}
diff --git a/cmd-attach-session.c b/cmd-attach-session.c
index 30451389..0298dda1 100644
--- a/cmd-attach-session.c
+++ b/cmd-attach-session.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Attach existing session to the current terminal.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	cmd_attach_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	cmd_attach_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_attach_session_entry = {
 	"attach-session", "attach",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_attach_session_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_attach_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_attach_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*s;
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ cmd_attach_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	u_int		 i;
 
 	if (RB_EMPTY(&sessions)) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no sessions");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no sessions");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
-	if ((s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 1)) == NULL)
+	if ((s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 1)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
-	if (ctx->cmdclient == NULL && ctx->curclient == NULL)
+	if (cmdq->client == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 
-	if (ctx->cmdclient == NULL) {
+	if (cmdq->client->session != NULL) {
 		if (args_has(self->args, 'd')) {
 			/*
 			 * Can't use server_write_session in case attaching to
@@ -69,43 +69,44 @@ cmd_attach_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 				c = ARRAY_ITEM(&clients, i);
 				if (c == NULL || c->session != s)
 					continue;
-				if (c == ctx->curclient)
+				if (c == cmdq->client)
 					continue;
 				server_write_client(c, MSG_DETACH, NULL, 0);
 			}
 		}
 
-		ctx->curclient->session = s;
-		notify_attached_session_changed(ctx->curclient);
+		cmdq->client->session = s;
+		notify_attached_session_changed(cmdq->client);
 		session_update_activity(s);
-		server_redraw_client(ctx->curclient);
+		server_redraw_client(cmdq->client);
 		s->curw->flags &= ~WINLINK_ALERTFLAGS;
 	} else {
-		if (server_client_open(ctx->cmdclient, s, &cause) != 0) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "open terminal failed: %s", cause);
+		if (server_client_open(cmdq->client, s, &cause) != 0) {
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "open terminal failed: %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 
 		if (args_has(self->args, 'r'))
-			ctx->cmdclient->flags |= CLIENT_READONLY;
+			cmdq->client->flags |= CLIENT_READONLY;
 
 		if (args_has(self->args, 'd'))
 			server_write_session(s, MSG_DETACH, NULL, 0);
 
-		ctx->cmdclient->session = s;
-		notify_attached_session_changed(ctx->cmdclient);
-		session_update_activity(s);
-		server_write_ready(ctx->cmdclient);
-
 		update = options_get_string(&s->options, "update-environment");
-		environ_update(update, &ctx->cmdclient->environ, &s->environ);
+		environ_update(update, &cmdq->client->environ, &s->environ);
 
-		server_redraw_client(ctx->cmdclient);
+		cmdq->client->session = s;
+		notify_attached_session_changed(cmdq->client);
+		session_update_activity(s);
+		server_redraw_client(cmdq->client);
 		s->curw->flags &= ~WINLINK_ALERTFLAGS;
+
+		server_write_ready(cmdq->client);
+		cmdq->client_exit = 0;
 	}
 	recalculate_sizes();
 	server_update_socket();
 
-	return (CMD_RETURN_ATTACH);
+	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-bind-key.c b/cmd-bind-key.c
index 086ac4ec..d9b65bec 100644
--- a/cmd-bind-key.c
+++ b/cmd-bind-key.c
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@
  */
 
 enum cmd_retval	 cmd_bind_key_check(struct args *);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_bind_key_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_bind_key_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_bind_key_table(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *, int);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_bind_key_table(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *, int);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_bind_key_entry = {
 	"bind-key", "bind",
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ cmd_bind_key_check(struct args *args)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_bind_key_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_bind_key_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	char		*cause;
@@ -65,16 +65,17 @@ cmd_bind_key_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	key = key_string_lookup_string(args->argv[0]);
 	if (key == KEYC_NONE) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "unknown key: %s", args->argv[0]);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown key: %s", args->argv[0]);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	if (args_has(args, 't'))
-		return (cmd_bind_key_table(self, ctx, key));
+		return (cmd_bind_key_table(self, cmdq, key));
 
-	cmdlist = cmd_list_parse(args->argc - 1, args->argv + 1, &cause);
+	cmdlist = cmd_list_parse(args->argc - 1, args->argv + 1, NULL, 0,
+	    &cause);
 	if (cmdlist == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "%s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "%s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ cmd_bind_key_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_bind_key_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int key)
+cmd_bind_key_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq, int key)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	const char			*tablename;
@@ -97,25 +98,25 @@ cmd_bind_key_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int key)
 
 	tablename = args_get(args, 't');
 	if ((mtab = mode_key_findtable(tablename)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "unknown key table: %s", tablename);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown key table: %s", tablename);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	cmd = mode_key_fromstring(mtab->cmdstr, args->argv[1]);
 	if (cmd == MODEKEY_NONE) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "unknown command: %s", args->argv[1]);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown command: %s", args->argv[1]);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	if (cmd != MODEKEYCOPY_COPYPIPE) {
 		if (args->argc != 2) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no argument allowed");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no argument allowed");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		arg = NULL;
 	} else {
 		if (args->argc != 3) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no argument given");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no argument given");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		arg = args->argv[2];
diff --git a/cmd-break-pane.c b/cmd-break-pane.c
index a5a78077..27ae1624 100644
--- a/cmd-break-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-break-pane.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Break pane off into a window.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_break_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_break_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_break_pane_entry = {
 	"break-pane", "breakp",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_break_pane_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_break_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_break_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ cmd_break_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	const char		*template;
 	char			*cp;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (window_count_panes(wl->window) == 1) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't break with only one pane");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't break with only one pane");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
@@ -97,14 +97,14 @@ cmd_break_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			template = BREAK_PANE_TEMPLATE;
 
 		ft = format_create();
-		if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, NULL, 1)) != NULL)
+		if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, NULL, 1)) != NULL)
 			format_client(ft, c);
 		format_session(ft, s);
 		format_winlink(ft, s, wl);
 		format_window_pane(ft, wp);
 
 		cp = format_expand(ft, template);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", cp);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", cp);
 		free(cp);
 
 		format_free(ft);
diff --git a/cmd-capture-pane.c b/cmd-capture-pane.c
index 6a10b7c9..aa032ce8 100644
--- a/cmd-capture-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-capture-pane.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Write the entire contents of a pane to a buffer or stdout.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_capture_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_capture_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_capture_pane_entry = {
 	"capture-pane", "capturep",
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_capture_pane_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_capture_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_capture_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct client		*c;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ cmd_capture_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	struct grid_cell	*gc;
 	const struct grid_line	*gl;
 
-	if (cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
+	if (cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	s = &wp->base;
 	gd = s->grid;
@@ -113,11 +113,10 @@ cmd_capture_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	}
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'p')) {
-		c = ctx->curclient;
-		if (c == NULL || !(c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL))
-			c = ctx->cmdclient;
-		if (c == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "can't write to stdout");
+		c = cmdq->client;
+		if (c == NULL ||
+		    (c->session != NULL && !(c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL))) {
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't write to stdout");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		evbuffer_add(c->stdout_data, buf, len);
@@ -131,14 +130,14 @@ cmd_capture_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 		buffer = args_strtonum(args, 'b', 0, INT_MAX, &cause);
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "buffer %s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "buffer %s", cause);
 			free(buf);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 
 		if (paste_replace(&global_buffers, buffer, buf, len) != 0) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no buffer %d", buffer);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no buffer %d", buffer);
 			free(buf);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
diff --git a/cmd-choose-buffer.c b/cmd-choose-buffer.c
index a58e38b7..8713815d 100644
--- a/cmd-choose-buffer.c
+++ b/cmd-choose-buffer.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Enter choice mode to choose a buffer.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_choose_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_choose_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_choose_buffer_entry = {
 	"choose-buffer", NULL,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_choose_buffer_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_choose_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_choose_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	struct client			*c;
@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ cmd_choose_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	const char			*template;
 	u_int				 idx;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_current_client(ctx)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no client available");
+	if ((c = cmd_current_client(cmdq)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no client available");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	if ((template = args_get(args, 'F')) == NULL)
 		template = CHOOSE_BUFFER_TEMPLATE;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (paste_get_top(&global_buffers) == NULL)
diff --git a/cmd-choose-client.c b/cmd-choose-client.c
index 962aefca..b32703c4 100644
--- a/cmd-choose-client.c
+++ b/cmd-choose-client.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Enter choice mode to choose a client.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_choose_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_choose_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 void	cmd_choose_client_callback(struct window_choose_data *);
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ struct cmd_choose_client_data {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_choose_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_choose_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	struct client			*c;
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ cmd_choose_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char				*action;
 	u_int			 	 i, idx, cur;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_current_client(ctx)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no client available");
+	if ((c = cmd_current_client(cmdq)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no client available");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (window_pane_set_mode(wl->window->active, &window_choose_mode) != 0)
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ cmd_choose_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		c1 = ARRAY_ITEM(&clients, i);
 		if (c1 == NULL || c1->session == NULL)
 			continue;
-		if (c1 == ctx->curclient)
+		if (c1 == cmdq->client)
 			cur = idx;
 		idx++;
 
diff --git a/cmd-choose-list.c b/cmd-choose-list.c
index 9634fef4..15f87294 100644
--- a/cmd-choose-list.c
+++ b/cmd-choose-list.c
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
  * Enter choose mode to choose a custom list.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval cmd_choose_list_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval cmd_choose_list_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_choose_list_entry = {
 	"choose-list", NULL,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_choose_list_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_choose_list_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_choose_list_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	struct client			*c;
@@ -53,15 +53,15 @@ cmd_choose_list_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char				*template, *item, *copy, *list;
 	u_int				 idx;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_current_client(ctx)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no client available");
+	if ((c = cmd_current_client(cmdq)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no client available");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	if ((list1 = args_get(args, 'l')) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (window_pane_set_mode(wl->window->active, &window_choose_mode) != 0)
diff --git a/cmd-choose-tree.c b/cmd-choose-tree.c
index af85a3bf..f22f17c2 100644
--- a/cmd-choose-tree.c
+++ b/cmd-choose-tree.c
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
  * Enter choice mode to choose a session and/or window.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	cmd_choose_tree_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	cmd_choose_tree_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_choose_tree_entry = {
 	"choose-tree", NULL,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_choose_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_choose_tree_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_choose_tree_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink			*wl, *wm;
@@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ cmd_choose_tree_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	ses_template = win_template = NULL;
 	ses_action = win_action = NULL;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_current_client(ctx)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no client available");
+	if ((c = cmd_current_client(cmdq)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no client available");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	if ((s = c->session) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (window_pane_set_mode(wl->window->active, &window_choose_mode) != 0)
diff --git a/cmd-clear-history.c b/cmd-clear-history.c
index 8a88e46c..768ba86d 100644
--- a/cmd-clear-history.c
+++ b/cmd-clear-history.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Clear pane history.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_clear_history_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_clear_history_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_clear_history_entry = {
 	"clear-history", "clearhist",
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_clear_history_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_clear_history_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_clear_history_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
 	struct grid		*gd;
 
-	if (cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
+	if (cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	gd = wp->base.grid;
 
diff --git a/cmd-clock-mode.c b/cmd-clock-mode.c
index f1d9eceb..b1837004 100644
--- a/cmd-clock-mode.c
+++ b/cmd-clock-mode.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Enter clock mode.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_clock_mode_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_clock_mode_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_clock_mode_entry = {
 	"clock-mode", NULL,
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_clock_mode_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_clock_mode_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_clock_mode_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
 
-	if (cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
+	if (cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	window_pane_set_mode(wp, &window_clock_mode);
diff --git a/cmd-command-prompt.c b/cmd-command-prompt.c
index 3a43b24f..3b773316 100644
--- a/cmd-command-prompt.c
+++ b/cmd-command-prompt.c
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 
 void	cmd_command_prompt_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
 int	cmd_command_prompt_check(struct args *);
-enum cmd_retval	cmd_command_prompt_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	cmd_command_prompt_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 int	cmd_command_prompt_callback(void *, const char *);
 void	cmd_command_prompt_free(void *);
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ cmd_command_prompt_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_command_prompt_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_command_prompt_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	const char			*inputs, *prompts;
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ cmd_command_prompt_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char				*prompt, *ptr, *input = NULL;
 	size_t				 n;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (c->prompt_string != NULL)
@@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ cmd_command_prompt_callback(void *data, const char *s)
 	struct cmd_command_prompt_cdata	*cdata = data;
 	struct client			*c = cdata->c;
 	struct cmd_list			*cmdlist;
-	struct cmd_ctx			*ctx;
 	char				*cause, *new_template, *prompt, *ptr;
 	char				*input = NULL;
 
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ cmd_command_prompt_callback(void *data, const char *s)
 		return (1);
 	}
 
-	if (cmd_string_parse(new_template, &cmdlist, &cause) != 0) {
+	if (cmd_string_parse(new_template, &cmdlist, NULL, 0, &cause) != 0) {
 		if (cause != NULL) {
 			*cause = toupper((u_char) *cause);
 			status_message_set(c, "%s", cause);
@@ -184,14 +183,8 @@ cmd_command_prompt_callback(void *data, const char *s)
 		return (0);
 	}
 
-	ctx = cmd_get_ctx(NULL, c);
-	ctx->error = key_bindings_error;
-	ctx->print = key_bindings_print;
-	ctx->info = key_bindings_info;
-
-	cmd_list_exec(cmdlist, ctx);
+	cmdq_run(c->cmdq, cmdlist);
 	cmd_list_free(cmdlist);
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
 
 	if (c->prompt_callbackfn != (void *) &cmd_command_prompt_callback)
 		return (1);
diff --git a/cmd-confirm-before.c b/cmd-confirm-before.c
index 765f58df..6282be2e 100644
--- a/cmd-confirm-before.c
+++ b/cmd-confirm-before.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_confirm_before_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_confirm_before_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_confirm_before_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 int		 cmd_confirm_before_callback(void *, const char *);
 void		 cmd_confirm_before_free(void *);
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_confirm_before_entry = {
 };
 
 struct cmd_confirm_before_data {
-	struct client	*c;
 	char		*cmd;
+	struct client	*client;
 };
 
 void
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ cmd_confirm_before_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_confirm_before_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_confirm_before_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	struct cmd_confirm_before_data	*cdata;
@@ -74,12 +74,7 @@ cmd_confirm_before_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char				*cmd, *copy, *new_prompt, *ptr;
 	const char			*prompt;
 
-	if (ctx->curclient == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "must be run interactively");
-		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-	}
-
-	if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if ((prompt = args_get(args, 'p')) != NULL)
@@ -93,46 +88,44 @@ cmd_confirm_before_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	cdata = xmalloc(sizeof *cdata);
 	cdata->cmd = xstrdup(args->argv[0]);
-	cdata->c = c;
-	status_prompt_set(cdata->c, new_prompt, NULL,
+
+	cdata->client = c;
+	cdata->client->references++;
+
+	status_prompt_set(c, new_prompt, NULL,
 	    cmd_confirm_before_callback, cmd_confirm_before_free, cdata,
 	    PROMPT_SINGLE);
 
 	free(new_prompt);
-	return (CMD_RETURN_YIELD);
+	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
 
 int
 cmd_confirm_before_callback(void *data, const char *s)
 {
 	struct cmd_confirm_before_data	*cdata = data;
-	struct client			*c = cdata->c;
+	struct client			*c = cdata->client;
 	struct cmd_list			*cmdlist;
-	struct cmd_ctx	 	 	*ctx;
 	char				*cause;
 
+	if (c->flags & CLIENT_DEAD)
+		return (0);
+
 	if (s == NULL || *s == '\0')
 		return (0);
 	if (tolower((u_char) s[0]) != 'y' || s[1] != '\0')
 		return (0);
 
-	if (cmd_string_parse(cdata->cmd, &cmdlist, &cause) != 0) {
+	if (cmd_string_parse(cdata->cmd, &cmdlist, NULL, 0, &cause) != 0) {
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			*cause = toupper((u_char) *cause);
-			status_message_set(c, "%s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(c->cmdq, "%s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 		}
 		return (0);
 	}
 
-	ctx = cmd_get_ctx(NULL, c);
-	ctx->error = key_bindings_error;
-	ctx->print = key_bindings_print;
-	ctx->info = key_bindings_info;
-
-	cmd_list_exec(cmdlist, ctx);
+	cmdq_run(c->cmdq, cmdlist);
 	cmd_list_free(cmdlist);
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
 
 	return (0);
 }
@@ -141,6 +134,9 @@ void
 cmd_confirm_before_free(void *data)
 {
 	struct cmd_confirm_before_data	*cdata = data;
+	struct client			*c = cdata->client;
+
+	c->references--;
 
 	free(cdata->cmd);
 	free(cdata);
diff --git a/cmd-copy-mode.c b/cmd-copy-mode.c
index 3f80cd8c..59b5a9e5 100644
--- a/cmd-copy-mode.c
+++ b/cmd-copy-mode.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_copy_mode_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_copy_mode_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_copy_mode_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_copy_mode_entry = {
 	"copy-mode", NULL,
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ cmd_copy_mode_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_copy_mode_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_copy_mode_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
 
-	if (cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
+	if (cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (window_pane_set_mode(wp, &window_copy_mode) != 0)
diff --git a/cmd-delete-buffer.c b/cmd-delete-buffer.c
index c3f8776a..6e425b57 100644
--- a/cmd-delete-buffer.c
+++ b/cmd-delete-buffer.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Delete a paste buffer.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_delete_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_delete_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_delete_buffer_entry = {
 	"delete-buffer", "deleteb",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_delete_buffer_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_delete_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_delete_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	char		*cause;
@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ cmd_delete_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	buffer = args_strtonum(args, 'b', 0, INT_MAX, &cause);
 	if (cause != NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "buffer %s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "buffer %s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	if (paste_free_index(&global_buffers, buffer) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no buffer %d", buffer);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no buffer %d", buffer);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd-detach-client.c b/cmd-detach-client.c
index a1d3a386..17b437ab 100644
--- a/cmd-detach-client.c
+++ b/cmd-detach-client.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Detach a client.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_detach_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_detach_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_detach_client_entry = {
 	"detach-client", "detach",
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_detach_client_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_detach_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_detach_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct client	*c, *c2;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ cmd_detach_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		msgtype = MSG_DETACH;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 's')) {
-		s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 's'), 0);
+		s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 's'), 0);
 		if (s == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ cmd_detach_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 				server_write_client(c, msgtype, NULL, 0);
 		}
 	} else {
-		c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+		c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
 		if (c == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
@@ -76,5 +76,5 @@ cmd_detach_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			server_write_client(c, msgtype, NULL, 0);
 	}
 
-	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
+	return (CMD_RETURN_STOP);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-display-message.c b/cmd-display-message.c
index 05c3a408..7f31d7e2 100644
--- a/cmd-display-message.c
+++ b/cmd-display-message.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Displays a message in the status line.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_display_message_entry = {
 	"display-message", "display",
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_display_message_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct client		*c;
@@ -56,17 +56,17 @@ cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	size_t			 len;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 't')) {
-		wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp);
+		wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp);
 		if (wl == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	} else {
-		wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, NULL, &s, &wp);
+		wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, NULL, &s, &wp);
 		if (wl == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'F') && args->argc != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "only one of -F or argument must be given");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "only one of -F or argument must be given");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		template = DISPLAY_MESSAGE_TEMPLATE;
 
 	ft = format_create();
-	if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 'c'), 1)) != NULL)
+	if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 'c'), 1)) != NULL)
 		format_client(ft, c);
 	format_session(ft, s);
 	format_winlink(ft, s, wl);
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ cmd_display_message_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	msg = format_expand(ft, out);
 	if (args_has(self->args, 'p'))
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", msg);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", msg);
 	else
 		status_message_set(c, "%s", msg);
-
 	free(msg);
 	format_free(ft);
+
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-display-panes.c b/cmd-display-panes.c
index b3e67fd2..a97a1809 100644
--- a/cmd-display-panes.c
+++ b/cmd-display-panes.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Display panes on a client.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_display_panes_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_display_panes_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_display_panes_entry = {
 	"display-panes", "displayp",
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_display_panes_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_display_panes_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_display_panes_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct client	*c;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	server_set_identify(c);
diff --git a/cmd-find-window.c b/cmd-find-window.c
index acd63c84..f757d10f 100644
--- a/cmd-find-window.c
+++ b/cmd-find-window.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  * Find window containing text.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_find_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_find_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 void	cmd_find_window_callback(struct window_choose_data *);
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ cmd_find_window_match(struct cmd_find_window_data_list *find_list,
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_find_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_find_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	struct client			*c;
@@ -139,13 +139,13 @@ cmd_find_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	const char			*template;
 	u_int				 i, match_flags;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_current_client(ctx)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no client available");
+	if ((c = cmd_current_client(cmdq)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no client available");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 	s = c->session;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if ((template = args_get(args, 'F')) == NULL)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ cmd_find_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	free(searchstr);
 
 	if (ARRAY_LENGTH(&find_list) == 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no windows matching: %s", str);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no windows matching: %s", str);
 		ARRAY_FREE(&find_list);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
diff --git a/cmd-has-session.c b/cmd-has-session.c
index 8e77942a..28e3aea3 100644
--- a/cmd-has-session.c
+++ b/cmd-has-session.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Cause client to report an error and exit with 1 if session doesn't exist.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_has_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_has_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_has_session_entry = {
 	"has-session", "has",
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_has_session_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_has_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_has_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 
-	if (cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0) == NULL)
+	if (cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
diff --git a/cmd-if-shell.c b/cmd-if-shell.c
index e0e2c230..e2a45972 100644
--- a/cmd-if-shell.c
+++ b/cmd-if-shell.c
@@ -29,15 +29,16 @@
  * Executes a tmux command if a shell command returns true or false.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_if_shell_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_if_shell_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 void	cmd_if_shell_callback(struct job *);
+void	cmd_if_shell_done(struct cmd_q *);
 void	cmd_if_shell_free(void *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_if_shell_entry = {
 	"if-shell", "if",
-	"t:", 2, 3,
-	CMD_TARGET_PANE_USAGE " shell-command command [command]",
+	"bt:", 2, 3,
+	"[-b] " CMD_TARGET_PANE_USAGE " shell-command command [command]",
 	0,
 	NULL,
 	NULL,
@@ -47,11 +48,13 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_if_shell_entry = {
 struct cmd_if_shell_data {
 	char		*cmd_if;
 	char		*cmd_else;
-	struct cmd_ctx	*ctx;
+	struct cmd_q	*cmdq;
+	int		 bflag;
+	int		 started;
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_if_shell_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_if_shell_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	struct cmd_if_shell_data	*cdata;
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ cmd_if_shell_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	struct window_pane		*wp;
 	struct format_tree		*ft;
 
-	wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp);
+	wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp);
 	if (wl == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
@@ -78,51 +81,83 @@ cmd_if_shell_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		cdata->cmd_else = xstrdup(args->argv[2]);
 	else
 		cdata->cmd_else = NULL;
+	cdata->bflag = args_has(args, 'b');
 
-	cdata->ctx = ctx;
-	cmd_ref_ctx(ctx);
+	cdata->started = 0;
+	cdata->cmdq = cmdq;
+	cmdq->references++;
 
 	job_run(shellcmd, cmd_if_shell_callback, cmd_if_shell_free, cdata);
 	free(shellcmd);
 
-	return (CMD_RETURN_YIELD);	/* don't let client exit */
+	if (cdata->bflag)
+		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
+	return (CMD_RETURN_WAIT);
 }
 
 void
 cmd_if_shell_callback(struct job *job)
 {
 	struct cmd_if_shell_data	*cdata = job->data;
-	struct cmd_ctx			*ctx = cdata->ctx;
+	struct cmd_q			*cmdq = cdata->cmdq, *cmdq1;
 	struct cmd_list			*cmdlist;
 	char				*cause, *cmd;
 
-	if (!WIFEXITED(job->status) || WEXITSTATUS(job->status) != 0) {
+	if (cmdq->dead)
+		return;
+
+	if (!WIFEXITED(job->status) || WEXITSTATUS(job->status) != 0)
 		cmd = cdata->cmd_else;
-		if (cmd == NULL)
-			return;
-	} else
+	else
 		cmd = cdata->cmd_if;
-	if (cmd_string_parse(cmd, &cmdlist, &cause) != 0) {
+	if (cmd == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (cmd_string_parse(cmd, &cmdlist, NULL, 0, &cause) != 0) {
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "%s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "%s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 		}
 		return;
 	}
 
-	cmd_list_exec(cmdlist, ctx);
+	cdata->started = 1;
+
+	cmdq1 = cmdq_new(cmdq->client);
+	cmdq1->emptyfn = cmd_if_shell_done;
+	cmdq1->data = cdata;
+
+	cmdq_run(cmdq1, cmdlist);
 	cmd_list_free(cmdlist);
 }
 
+void
+cmd_if_shell_done(struct cmd_q *cmdq1)
+{
+	struct cmd_if_shell_data	*cdata = cmdq1->data;
+	struct cmd_q			*cmdq = cdata->cmdq;
+
+	if (!cmdq_free(cmdq) && !cdata->bflag)
+		cmdq_continue(cmdq);
+
+	cmdq_free(cmdq1);
+
+	free(cdata->cmd_else);
+	free(cdata->cmd_if);
+	free(cdata);
+}
+
 void
 cmd_if_shell_free(void *data)
 {
 	struct cmd_if_shell_data	*cdata = data;
-	struct cmd_ctx			*ctx = cdata->ctx;
+	struct cmd_q			*cmdq = cdata->cmdq;
 
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL)
-		ctx->cmdclient->flags |= CLIENT_EXIT;
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
+	if (cdata->started)
+		return;
+
+	if (!cmdq_free(cmdq) && !cdata->bflag)
+		cmdq_continue(cmdq);
 
 	free(cdata->cmd_else);
 	free(cdata->cmd_if);
diff --git a/cmd-join-pane.c b/cmd-join-pane.c
index c792948c..2e7a59cd 100644
--- a/cmd-join-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-join-pane.c
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_join_pane_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_join_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_join_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
-enum cmd_retval	 join_pane(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *, int);
+enum cmd_retval	 join_pane(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *, int);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_join_pane_entry = {
 	"join-pane", "joinp",
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ cmd_join_pane_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_join_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_join_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
-	return (join_pane(self, ctx, self->entry == &cmd_join_pane_entry));
+	return (join_pane(self, cmdq, self->entry == &cmd_join_pane_entry));
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-join_pane(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int not_same_window)
+join_pane(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq, int not_same_window)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct session		*dst_s;
@@ -87,23 +87,23 @@ join_pane(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int not_same_window)
 	enum layout_type	 type;
 	struct layout_cell	*lc;
 
-	dst_wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &dst_s, &dst_wp);
+	dst_wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &dst_s, &dst_wp);
 	if (dst_wl == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	dst_w = dst_wl->window;
 	dst_idx = dst_wl->idx;
 
-	src_wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 's'), NULL, &src_wp);
+	src_wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 's'), NULL, &src_wp);
 	if (src_wl == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	src_w = src_wl->window;
 
 	if (not_same_window && src_w == dst_w) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't join a pane to its own window");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't join a pane to its own window");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 	if (!not_same_window && src_wp == dst_wp) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "source and target panes must be different");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "source and target panes must be different");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
@@ -115,14 +115,14 @@ join_pane(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int not_same_window)
 	if (args_has(args, 'l')) {
 		size = args_strtonum(args, 'l', 0, INT_MAX, &cause);
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "size %s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "size %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	} else if (args_has(args, 'p')) {
 		percentage = args_strtonum(args, 'p', 0, 100, &cause);
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "percentage %s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "percentage %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ join_pane(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int not_same_window)
 	}
 	lc = layout_split_pane(dst_wp, type, size, args_has(args, 'b'));
 	if (lc == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "create pane failed: pane too small");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "create pane failed: pane too small");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd-kill-pane.c b/cmd-kill-pane.c
index 51989768..1aa776d9 100644
--- a/cmd-kill-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-kill-pane.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Kill pane.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_kill_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_kill_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_kill_pane_entry = {
 	"kill-pane", "killp",
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_kill_pane_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_kill_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_kill_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
 	struct window_pane	*loopwp, *tmpwp, *wp;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (window_count_panes(wl->window) == 1) {
diff --git a/cmd-kill-server.c b/cmd-kill-server.c
index fcf1e25c..808dca59 100644
--- a/cmd-kill-server.c
+++ b/cmd-kill-server.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Kill the server and do nothing else.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_kill_server_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_kill_server_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_kill_server_entry = {
 	"kill-server", NULL,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_kill_server_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_kill_server_exec(unused struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_kill_server_exec(unused struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	kill(getpid(), SIGTERM);
 
diff --git a/cmd-kill-session.c b/cmd-kill-session.c
index 9ee6a928..095fb9bb 100644
--- a/cmd-kill-session.c
+++ b/cmd-kill-session.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Note this deliberately has no alias to make it hard to hit by accident.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_kill_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_kill_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_kill_session_entry = {
 	"kill-session", NULL,
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_kill_session_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_kill_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_kill_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*s, *s2, *s3;
 
-	if ((s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'a')) {
diff --git a/cmd-kill-window.c b/cmd-kill-window.c
index 01587fc8..dcb1fd28 100644
--- a/cmd-kill-window.c
+++ b/cmd-kill-window.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Destroy window.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_kill_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_kill_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_kill_window_entry = {
 	"kill-window", "killw",
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_kill_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_kill_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_kill_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink	*wl, *wl2, *wl3;
 	struct session	*s;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'a')) {
diff --git a/cmd-link-window.c b/cmd-link-window.c
index 5c050904..c7dfa5aa 100644
--- a/cmd-link-window.c
+++ b/cmd-link-window.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Link a window into another session.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_link_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_link_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_link_window_entry = {
 	"link-window", "linkw",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_link_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_link_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_link_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*src, *dst;
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ cmd_link_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char		*cause;
 	int		 idx, kflag, dflag;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 's'), &src)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 's'), &src)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-	if ((idx = cmd_find_index(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &dst)) == -2)
+	if ((idx = cmd_find_index(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &dst)) == -2)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	kflag = args_has(self->args, 'k');
 	dflag = args_has(self->args, 'd');
 	if (server_link_window(src, wl, dst, idx, kflag, !dflag, &cause) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't link window: %s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't link window: %s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
diff --git a/cmd-list-buffers.c b/cmd-list-buffers.c
index b1d59f2f..54284d55 100644
--- a/cmd-list-buffers.c
+++ b/cmd-list-buffers.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * List paste buffers.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_buffers_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_buffers_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_buffers_entry = {
 	"list-buffers", "lsb",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_buffers_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_buffers_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_buffers_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct paste_buffer	*pb;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ cmd_list_buffers_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		format_paste_buffer(ft, pb);
 
 		line = format_expand(ft, template);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", line);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", line);
 		free(line);
 
 		format_free(ft);
diff --git a/cmd-list-clients.c b/cmd-list-clients.c
index 70f6c809..e0f8558e 100644
--- a/cmd-list-clients.c
+++ b/cmd-list-clients.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  * List all clients.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	cmd_list_clients_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	cmd_list_clients_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_clients_entry = {
 	"list-clients", "lsc",
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_clients_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_clients_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_clients_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args 		*args = self->args;
 	struct client		*c;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ cmd_list_clients_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char			*line;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 't')) {
-		s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+		s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
 		if (s == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	} else
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ cmd_list_clients_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		format_client(ft, c);
 
 		line = format_expand(ft, template);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", line);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", line);
 		free(line);
 
 		format_free(ft);
diff --git a/cmd-list-commands.c b/cmd-list-commands.c
index 05a31ec5..7073d5f8 100644
--- a/cmd-list-commands.c
+++ b/cmd-list-commands.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * List all commands with usages.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_commands_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_commands_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_commands_entry = {
 	"list-commands", "lscm",
@@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_commands_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_commands_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_commands_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	const struct cmd_entry 	      **entryp;
 
 	for (entryp = cmd_table; *entryp != NULL; entryp++) {
 		if ((*entryp)->alias != NULL) {
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%s (%s) %s", (*entryp)->name,
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s (%s) %s", (*entryp)->name,
 			    (*entryp)->alias, (*entryp)->usage);
 		} else {
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%s %s", (*entryp)->name,
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s %s", (*entryp)->name,
 			    (*entryp)->usage);
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/cmd-list-keys.c b/cmd-list-keys.c
index dab6d545..1f568909 100644
--- a/cmd-list-keys.c
+++ b/cmd-list-keys.c
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
  * List key bindings.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_keys_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_keys_table(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_keys_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_keys_table(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_keys_entry = {
 	"list-keys", "lsk",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_keys_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_keys_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_keys_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct key_binding	*bd;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ cmd_list_keys_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	int			 width, keywidth;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 't'))
-		return (cmd_list_keys_table(self, ctx));
+		return (cmd_list_keys_table(self, cmdq));
 
 	width = 0;
 
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ cmd_list_keys_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			continue;
 
 		cmd_list_print(bd->cmdlist, tmp + used, (sizeof tmp) - used);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "bind-key %s", tmp);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "bind-key %s", tmp);
 	}
 
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_keys_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_keys_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	const char			*tablename;
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ cmd_list_keys_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	tablename = args_get(args, 't');
 	if ((mtab = mode_key_findtable(tablename)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "unknown key table: %s", tablename);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown key table: %s", tablename);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ cmd_list_keys_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			mode = "c";
 		cmdstr = mode_key_tostring(mtab->cmdstr, mbind->cmd);
 		if (cmdstr != NULL) {
-			ctx->print(ctx, "bind-key -%st %s%s %*s %s%s%s%s",
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "bind-key -%st %s%s %*s %s%s%s%s",
 			    mode, any_mode && *mode == '\0' ? " " : "",
 			    mtab->name, (int) width, key, cmdstr,
 			    mbind->arg != NULL ? " \"" : "",
diff --git a/cmd-list-panes.c b/cmd-list-panes.c
index 717562a4..910c19bc 100644
--- a/cmd-list-panes.c
+++ b/cmd-list-panes.c
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@
  * List panes on given window.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_panes_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_panes_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
-void	cmd_list_panes_server(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+void	cmd_list_panes_server(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 void	cmd_list_panes_session(
-	    struct cmd *, struct session *, struct cmd_ctx *, int);
+	    struct cmd *, struct session *, struct cmd_q *, int);
 void	cmd_list_panes_window(struct cmd *,
-	    struct session *, struct winlink *, struct cmd_ctx *, int);
+	    struct session *, struct winlink *, struct cmd_q *, int);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_panes_entry = {
 	"list-panes", "lsp",
@@ -46,51 +46,51 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_panes_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_panes_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_panes_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*s;
 	struct winlink	*wl;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'a'))
-		cmd_list_panes_server(self, ctx);
+		cmd_list_panes_server(self, cmdq);
 	else if (args_has(args, 's')) {
-		s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+		s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
 		if (s == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-		cmd_list_panes_session(self, s, ctx, 1);
+		cmd_list_panes_session(self, s, cmdq, 1);
 	} else {
-		wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s);
+		wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s);
 		if (wl == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-		cmd_list_panes_window(self, s, wl, ctx, 0);
+		cmd_list_panes_window(self, s, wl, cmdq, 0);
 	}
 
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
 
 void
-cmd_list_panes_server(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_panes_server(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct session	*s;
 
 	RB_FOREACH(s, sessions, &sessions)
-		cmd_list_panes_session(self, s, ctx, 2);
+		cmd_list_panes_session(self, s, cmdq, 2);
 }
 
 void
 cmd_list_panes_session(
-    struct cmd *self, struct session *s, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int type)
+    struct cmd *self, struct session *s, struct cmd_q *cmdq, int type)
 {
 	struct winlink	*wl;
 
 	RB_FOREACH(wl, winlinks, &s->windows)
-		cmd_list_panes_window(self, s, wl, ctx, type);
+		cmd_list_panes_window(self, s, wl, cmdq, type);
 }
 
 void
 cmd_list_panes_window(struct cmd *self,
-    struct session *s, struct winlink *wl, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int type)
+    struct session *s, struct winlink *wl, struct cmd_q *cmdq, int type)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ cmd_list_panes_window(struct cmd *self,
 		format_window_pane(ft, wp);
 
 		line = format_expand(ft, template);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", line);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", line);
 		free(line);
 
 		format_free(ft);
diff --git a/cmd-list-sessions.c b/cmd-list-sessions.c
index 81cc51cc..14ac4808 100644
--- a/cmd-list-sessions.c
+++ b/cmd-list-sessions.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  * List all sessions.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_sessions_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_sessions_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_sessions_entry = {
 	"list-sessions", "ls",
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_sessions_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_sessions_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_sessions_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct session		*s;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ cmd_list_sessions_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		format_session(ft, s);
 
 		line = format_expand(ft, template);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", line);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", line);
 		free(line);
 
 		format_free(ft);
diff --git a/cmd-list-windows.c b/cmd-list-windows.c
index 0485e4a3..c709e471 100644
--- a/cmd-list-windows.c
+++ b/cmd-list-windows.c
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@
  * List windows on given session.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_windows_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_windows_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
-void	cmd_list_windows_server(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+void	cmd_list_windows_server(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 void	cmd_list_windows_session(
-	    struct cmd *, struct session *, struct cmd_ctx *, int);
+	    struct cmd *, struct session *, struct cmd_q *, int);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_windows_entry = {
 	"list-windows", "lsw",
@@ -44,35 +44,35 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_list_windows_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_windows_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_windows_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*s;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'a'))
-		cmd_list_windows_server(self, ctx);
+		cmd_list_windows_server(self, cmdq);
 	else {
-		s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+		s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
 		if (s == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-		cmd_list_windows_session(self, s, ctx, 0);
+		cmd_list_windows_session(self, s, cmdq, 0);
 	}
 
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
 
 void
-cmd_list_windows_server(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_list_windows_server(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct session	*s;
 
 	RB_FOREACH(s, sessions, &sessions)
-		cmd_list_windows_session(self, s, ctx, 1);
+		cmd_list_windows_session(self, s, cmdq, 1);
 }
 
 void
 cmd_list_windows_session(
-    struct cmd *self, struct session *s, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int type)
+    struct cmd *self, struct session *s, struct cmd_q *cmdq, int type)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ cmd_list_windows_session(
 		format_window_pane(ft, wl->window->active);
 
 		line = format_expand(ft, template);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", line);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", line);
 		free(line);
 
 		format_free(ft);
diff --git a/cmd-list.c b/cmd-list.c
index d1e72e93..82ae7480 100644
--- a/cmd-list.c
+++ b/cmd-list.c
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
 #include "tmux.h"
 
 struct cmd_list *
-cmd_list_parse(int argc, char **argv, char **cause)
+cmd_list_parse(int argc, char **argv, const char* file, u_int line,
+    char **cause)
 {
 	struct cmd_list	*cmdlist;
 	struct cmd	*cmd;
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ cmd_list_parse(int argc, char **argv, char **cause)
 
 	copy_argv = cmd_copy_argv(argc, argv);
 
-	cmdlist = xmalloc(sizeof *cmdlist);
+	cmdlist = xcalloc(1, sizeof *cmdlist);
 	cmdlist->references = 1;
 	TAILQ_INIT(&cmdlist->list);
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ cmd_list_parse(int argc, char **argv, char **cause)
 		if (arglen != 1)
 			new_argc++;
 
-		cmd = cmd_parse(new_argc, new_argv, cause);
+		cmd = cmd_parse(new_argc, new_argv, file, line, cause);
 		if (cmd == NULL)
 			goto bad;
 		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&cmdlist->list, cmd, qentry);
@@ -64,7 +65,8 @@ cmd_list_parse(int argc, char **argv, char **cause)
 	}
 
 	if (lastsplit != argc) {
-		cmd = cmd_parse(argc - lastsplit, copy_argv + lastsplit, cause);
+		cmd = cmd_parse(argc - lastsplit, copy_argv + lastsplit,
+		    file, line, cause);
 		if (cmd == NULL)
 			goto bad;
 		TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&cmdlist->list, cmd, qentry);
@@ -79,76 +81,21 @@ bad:
 	return (NULL);
 }
 
-enum cmd_retval
-cmd_list_exec(struct cmd_list *cmdlist, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
-{
-	struct client	*c = ctx->curclient;
-	struct cmd	*cmd;
-	enum cmd_retval	 retval;
-	int		 guards, n;
-
-	guards = 0;
-	if (c != NULL && c->session != NULL)
-		guards = c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL;
-
-	notify_disable();
-
-	retval = 0;
-	TAILQ_FOREACH(cmd, &cmdlist->list, qentry) {
-		if (guards)
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%%begin");
-		n = cmd->entry->exec(cmd, ctx);
-		if (guards)
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%%end");
-
-		switch (n)
-		{
-		case CMD_RETURN_ERROR:
-			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-		case CMD_RETURN_ATTACH:
-			/* Client is being attached (send MSG_READY). */
-			retval = CMD_RETURN_ATTACH;
-
-			/*
-			 * Mangle the context to treat any following commands
-			 * as if they were called from inside.
-			 */
-			if (ctx->curclient == NULL) {
-				ctx->curclient = ctx->cmdclient;
-				ctx->cmdclient = NULL;
-
-				ctx->error = key_bindings_error;
-				ctx->print = key_bindings_print;
-				ctx->info = key_bindings_info;
-			}
-			break;
-		case CMD_RETURN_YIELD:
-			if (retval == CMD_RETURN_NORMAL)
-				retval = CMD_RETURN_YIELD;
-			break;
-		case CMD_RETURN_NORMAL:
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	notify_enable();
-	return (retval);
-}
-
 void
 cmd_list_free(struct cmd_list *cmdlist)
 {
-	struct cmd	*cmd;
+	struct cmd	*cmd, *cmd1;
 
 	if (--cmdlist->references != 0)
 		return;
 
-	while (!TAILQ_EMPTY(&cmdlist->list)) {
-		cmd = TAILQ_FIRST(&cmdlist->list);
+	TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(cmd, &cmdlist->list, qentry, cmd1) {
 		TAILQ_REMOVE(&cmdlist->list, cmd, qentry);
 		args_free(cmd->args);
+		free(cmd->file);
 		free(cmd);
 	}
+
 	free(cmdlist);
 }
 
diff --git a/cmd-load-buffer.c b/cmd-load-buffer.c
index bfb06842..698210d8 100644
--- a/cmd-load-buffer.c
+++ b/cmd-load-buffer.c
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
  * Loads a paste buffer from a file.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 void		 cmd_load_buffer_callback(struct client *, int, void *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_load_buffer_entry = {
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_load_buffer_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
-	struct client	*c = ctx->cmdclient;
+	struct client	*c = cmdq->client;
 	struct session  *s;
 	FILE		*f;
 	const char	*path, *newpath, *wd;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	else {
 		buffer = args_strtonum(args, 'b', 0, INT_MAX, &cause);
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "buffer %s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "buffer %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
@@ -75,16 +75,16 @@ cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		error = server_set_stdin_callback (c, cmd_load_buffer_callback,
 		    buffer_ptr, &cause);
 		if (error != 0) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "%s: %s", path, cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "%s: %s", path, cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
-		return (CMD_RETURN_YIELD);
+		return (CMD_RETURN_WAIT);
 	}
 
 	if (c != NULL)
 		wd = c->cwd;
-	else if ((s = cmd_current_session(ctx, 0)) != NULL) {
+	else if ((s = cmd_current_session(cmdq, 0)) != NULL) {
 		wd = options_get_string(&s->options, "default-path");
 		if (*wd == '\0')
 			wd = s->cwd;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			path = newpath;
 	}
 	if ((f = fopen(path, "rb")) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "%s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "%s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
@@ -105,14 +105,14 @@ cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	while ((ch = getc(f)) != EOF) {
 		/* Do not let the server die due to memory exhaustion. */
 		if ((new_pdata = realloc(pdata, psize + 2)) == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "realloc error: %s", strerror(errno));
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "realloc error: %s", strerror(errno));
 			goto error;
 		}
 		pdata = new_pdata;
 		pdata[psize++] = ch;
 	}
 	if (ferror(f)) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "%s: read error", path);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "%s: read error", path);
 		goto error;
 	}
 	if (pdata != NULL)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ cmd_load_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	}
 	if (paste_replace(&global_buffers, buffer, pdata, psize) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no buffer %d", buffer);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no buffer %d", buffer);
 		free(pdata);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
@@ -153,12 +153,13 @@ cmd_load_buffer_callback(struct client *c, int closed, void *data)
 	c->stdin_callback = NULL;
 
 	c->references--;
-	c->flags |= CLIENT_EXIT;
+	if (c->flags & CLIENT_DEAD)
+		return;
 
 	psize = EVBUFFER_LENGTH(c->stdin_data);
 	if (psize == 0 || (pdata = malloc(psize + 1)) == NULL) {
 		free(data);
-		return;
+		goto out;
 	}
 	memcpy(pdata, EVBUFFER_DATA(c->stdin_data), psize);
 	pdata[psize] = '\0';
@@ -174,4 +175,7 @@ cmd_load_buffer_callback(struct client *c, int closed, void *data)
 	}
 
 	free(data);
+
+out:
+	cmdq_continue(c->cmdq);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-lock-server.c b/cmd-lock-server.c
index c95379ac..8491c8b1 100644
--- a/cmd-lock-server.c
+++ b/cmd-lock-server.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  * Lock commands.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_lock_server_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_lock_server_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_lock_server_entry = {
 	"lock-server", "lock",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_lock_client_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_lock_server_exec(struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_lock_server_exec(struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct client	*c;
@@ -70,11 +70,13 @@ cmd_lock_server_exec(struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	if (self->entry == &cmd_lock_server_entry)
 		server_lock();
 	else if (self->entry == &cmd_lock_session_entry) {
-		if ((s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+		s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+		if (s == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		server_lock_session(s);
 	} else {
-		if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+		c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+		if (c == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		server_lock_client(c);
 	}
diff --git a/cmd-move-window.c b/cmd-move-window.c
index 03d42a8d..945e9daa 100644
--- a/cmd-move-window.c
+++ b/cmd-move-window.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Move a window.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_move_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_move_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_move_window_entry = {
 	"move-window", "movew",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_move_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_move_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_move_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*src, *dst, *s;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ cmd_move_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	int		 idx, kflag, dflag;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'r')) {
-		if ((s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+		if ((s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 		session_renumber_windows(s);
@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ cmd_move_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	}
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 's'), &src)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 's'), &src)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-	if ((idx = cmd_find_index(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &dst)) == -2)
+	if ((idx = cmd_find_index(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &dst)) == -2)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	kflag = args_has(self->args, 'k');
 	dflag = args_has(self->args, 'd');
 	if (server_link_window(src, wl, dst, idx, kflag, !dflag, &cause) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't move window: %s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't move window: %s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
diff --git a/cmd-new-session.c b/cmd-new-session.c
index ee161808..13ab667e 100644
--- a/cmd-new-session.c
+++ b/cmd-new-session.c
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
  */
 
 enum cmd_retval	 cmd_new_session_check(struct args *);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_new_session_entry = {
 	"new-session", "new",
@@ -53,62 +53,52 @@ cmd_new_session_check(struct args *args)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
-	struct args		*args = self->args;
-	struct session		*s, *old_s, *groupwith;
-	struct window		*w;
-	struct environ		 env;
-	struct termios		 tio, *tiop;
-	struct passwd		*pw;
-	const char		*newname, *target, *update, *cwd, *errstr;
-	char			*cmd, *cause;
-	int			 detached, idx;
-	u_int			 sx, sy;
+	struct args	*args = self->args;
+	struct client	*c = cmdq->client;
+	struct session	*s, *groupwith;
+	struct window	*w;
+	struct environ	 env;
+	struct termios	 tio, *tiop;
+	struct passwd	*pw;
+	const char	*newname, *target, *update, *cwd, *errstr;
+	char		*cmd, *cause;
+	int		 detached, idx;
+	u_int		 sx, sy;
+	int		 already_attached;
+
 
 	newname = args_get(args, 's');
 	if (newname != NULL) {
 		if (!session_check_name(newname)) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "bad session name: %s", newname);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "bad session name: %s", newname);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		if (session_find(newname) != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "duplicate session: %s", newname);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "duplicate session: %s", newname);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	}
 
 	target = args_get(args, 't');
 	if (target != NULL) {
-		groupwith = cmd_find_session(ctx, target, 0);
+		groupwith = cmd_find_session(cmdq, target, 0);
 		if (groupwith == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	} else
 		groupwith = NULL;
 
-	/*
-	 * There are three cases:
-	 *
-	 * 1. If cmdclient is non-NULL, new-session has been called from the
-	 *    command-line - cmdclient is to become a new attached, interactive
-	 *    client. Unless -d is given, the terminal must be opened and then
-	 *    the client sent MSG_READY.
-	 *
-	 * 2. If cmdclient is NULL, new-session has been called from an
-	 *    existing client (such as a key binding).
-	 *
-	 * 3. Both are NULL, the command was in the configuration file. Treat
-	 *    this as if -d was given even if it was not.
-	 *
-	 * In all cases, a new additional session needs to be created and
-	 * (unless -d) set as the current session for the client.
-	 */
-
 	/* Set -d if no client. */
 	detached = args_has(args, 'd');
-	if (ctx->cmdclient == NULL && ctx->curclient == NULL)
+	if (c == NULL)
 		detached = 1;
 
+	/* Is this client already attached? */
+	already_attached = 0;
+	if (c != NULL && c->session != NULL)
+		already_attached = 1;
+
 	/*
 	 * Save the termios settings, part of which is used for new windows in
 	 * this session.
@@ -118,25 +108,25 @@ cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	 * before opening the terminal as that calls tcsetattr() to prepare for
 	 * tmux taking over.
 	 */
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL && ctx->cmdclient->tty.fd != -1) {
-		if (tcgetattr(ctx->cmdclient->tty.fd, &tio) != 0)
+	if (!detached && !already_attached && c->tty.fd != -1) {
+		if (tcgetattr(c->tty.fd, &tio) != 0)
 			fatal("tcgetattr failed");
 		tiop = &tio;
 	} else
 		tiop = NULL;
 
 	/* Open the terminal if necessary. */
-	if (!detached && ctx->cmdclient != NULL) {
-		if (server_client_open(ctx->cmdclient, NULL, &cause) != 0) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "open terminal failed: %s", cause);
+	if (!detached && !already_attached) {
+		if (server_client_open(c, NULL, &cause) != 0) {
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "open terminal failed: %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/* Get the new session working directory. */
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL && ctx->cmdclient->cwd != NULL)
-		cwd = ctx->cmdclient->cwd;
+	if (c != NULL && c->cwd != NULL)
+		cwd = c->cwd;
 	else {
 		pw = getpwuid(getuid());
 		if (pw->pw_dir != NULL && *pw->pw_dir != '\0')
@@ -146,32 +136,25 @@ cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	}
 
 	/* Find new session size. */
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL) {
-		sx = ctx->cmdclient->tty.sx;
-		sy = ctx->cmdclient->tty.sy;
-	} else if (ctx->curclient != NULL) {
-		sx = ctx->curclient->tty.sx;
-		sy = ctx->curclient->tty.sy;
+	if (c != NULL) {
+		sx = c->tty.sx;
+		sy = c->tty.sy;
 	} else {
 		sx = 80;
 		sy = 24;
 	}
-	if (detached) {
-		if (args_has(args, 'x')) {
-			sx = strtonum(
-			    args_get(args, 'x'), 1, USHRT_MAX, &errstr);
-			if (errstr != NULL) {
-				ctx->error(ctx, "width %s", errstr);
-				return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-			}
+	if (detached && args_has(args, 'x')) {
+		sx = strtonum(args_get(args, 'x'), 1, USHRT_MAX, &errstr);
+		if (errstr != NULL) {
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "width %s", errstr);
+			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
-		if (args_has(args, 'y')) {
-			sy = strtonum(
-			    args_get(args, 'y'), 1, USHRT_MAX, &errstr);
-			if (errstr != NULL) {
-				ctx->error(ctx, "height %s", errstr);
-				return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-			}
+	}
+	if (detached && args_has(args, 'y')) {
+		sy = strtonum(args_get(args, 'y'), 1, USHRT_MAX, &errstr);
+		if (errstr != NULL) {
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "height %s", errstr);
+			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	}
 	if (sy > 0 && options_get_number(&global_s_options, "status"))
@@ -192,14 +175,14 @@ cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	/* Construct the environment. */
 	environ_init(&env);
 	update = options_get_string(&global_s_options, "update-environment");
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL)
-		environ_update(update, &ctx->cmdclient->environ, &env);
+	if (c != NULL)
+		environ_update(update, &c->environ, &env);
 
 	/* Create the new session. */
 	idx = -1 - options_get_number(&global_s_options, "base-index");
 	s = session_create(newname, cmd, cwd, &env, tiop, idx, sx, sy, &cause);
 	if (s == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "create session failed: %s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "create session failed: %s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
@@ -208,9 +191,7 @@ cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	/* Set the initial window name if one given. */
 	if (cmd != NULL && args_has(args, 'n')) {
 		w = s->curw->window;
-
 		window_set_name(w, args_get(args, 'n'));
-
 		options_set_number(&w->options, "automatic-rename", 0);
 	}
 
@@ -229,25 +210,14 @@ cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	 * taking this session and needs to get MSG_READY and stay around.
 	 */
 	if (!detached) {
-		if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL) {
-			server_write_ready(ctx->cmdclient);
-
-			old_s = ctx->cmdclient->session;
-			if (old_s != NULL)
-				ctx->cmdclient->last_session = old_s;
-			ctx->cmdclient->session = s;
-			notify_attached_session_changed(ctx->cmdclient);
-			session_update_activity(s);
-			server_redraw_client(ctx->cmdclient);
-		} else {
-			old_s = ctx->curclient->session;
-			if (old_s != NULL)
-				ctx->curclient->last_session = old_s;
-			ctx->curclient->session = s;
-			notify_attached_session_changed(ctx->curclient);
-			session_update_activity(s);
-			server_redraw_client(ctx->curclient);
-		}
+		if (!already_attached)
+			server_write_ready(c);
+		else if (c->session != NULL)
+			c->last_session = c->session;
+		c->session = s;
+		notify_attached_session_changed(c);
+		session_update_activity(s);
+		server_redraw_client(c);
 	}
 	recalculate_sizes();
 	server_update_socket();
@@ -257,7 +227,9 @@ cmd_new_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	 * session's current window into more mode and display them now.
 	 */
 	if (cfg_finished)
-		show_cfg_causes(s);
+		cfg_show_causes(s);
 
-	return (detached ? CMD_RETURN_NORMAL : CMD_RETURN_ATTACH);
+	if (!detached)
+		cmdq->client_exit = 0;
+	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-new-window.c b/cmd-new-window.c
index 0ab05e26..161dc549 100644
--- a/cmd-new-window.c
+++ b/cmd-new-window.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Create a new window.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_new_window_entry = {
 	"new-window", "neww",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_new_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct session		*s;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char			*cp;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'a')) {
-		wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s);
+		wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s);
 		if (wl == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		idx = wl->idx + 1;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 				break;
 		}
 		if (last == INT_MAX) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no free window indexes");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no free window indexes");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			server_unlink_window(s, wl);
 		}
 	} else {
-		if ((idx = cmd_find_index(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == -2)
+		if ((idx = cmd_find_index(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == -2)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 	detached = args_has(args, 'd');
@@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		cmd = options_get_string(&s->options, "default-command");
 	else
 		cmd = args->argv[0];
-	cwd = cmd_get_default_path(ctx, args_get(args, 'c'));
+	cwd = cmd_get_default_path(cmdq, args_get(args, 'c'));
 
 	if (idx == -1)
 		idx = -1 - options_get_number(&s->options, "base-index");
 	wl = session_new(s, args_get(args, 'n'), cmd, cwd, idx, &cause);
 	if (wl == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "create window failed: %s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "create window failed: %s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
@@ -126,14 +126,14 @@ cmd_new_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			template = NEW_WINDOW_TEMPLATE;
 
 		ft = format_create();
-		if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, NULL, 1)) != NULL)
-		    format_client(ft, c);
+		if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, NULL, 1)) != NULL)
+			format_client(ft, c);
 		format_session(ft, s);
 		format_winlink(ft, s, wl);
 		format_window_pane(ft, wl->window->active);
 
 		cp = format_expand(ft, template);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", cp);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", cp);
 		free(cp);
 
 		format_free(ft);
diff --git a/cmd-paste-buffer.c b/cmd-paste-buffer.c
index c957ba2f..1cfc17c8 100644
--- a/cmd-paste-buffer.c
+++ b/cmd-paste-buffer.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  * Paste paste buffer if present.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_paste_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_paste_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 void	cmd_paste_buffer_filter(struct window_pane *,
 	    const char *, size_t, const char *, int);
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_paste_buffer_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_paste_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_paste_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ cmd_paste_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	int			 buffer;
 	int			 pflag;
 
-	if (cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp) == NULL)
+	if (cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (!args_has(args, 'b'))
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ cmd_paste_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	else {
 		buffer = args_strtonum(args, 'b', 0, INT_MAX, &cause);
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "buffer %s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "buffer %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ cmd_paste_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	else {
 		pb = paste_get_index(&global_buffers, buffer);
 		if (pb == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no buffer %d", buffer);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no buffer %d", buffer);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/cmd-pipe-pane.c b/cmd-pipe-pane.c
index bb17c6be..5de675df 100644
--- a/cmd-pipe-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-pipe-pane.c
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
  * Open pipe to redirect pane output. If already open, close first.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_pipe_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_pipe_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 void	cmd_pipe_pane_error_callback(struct bufferevent *, short, void *);
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_pipe_pane_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_pipe_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_pipe_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct client		*c;
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ cmd_pipe_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char			*command;
 	int			 old_fd, pipe_fd[2], null_fd;
 
-	if (cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
+	if (cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-	c = cmd_find_client(ctx, NULL, 1);
+	c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, NULL, 1);
 
 	/* Destroy the old pipe. */
 	old_fd = wp->pipe_fd;
@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ cmd_pipe_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	/* Open the new pipe. */
 	if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, PF_UNSPEC, pipe_fd) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "socketpair error: %s", strerror(errno));
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "socketpair error: %s", strerror(errno));
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	/* Fork the child. */
 	switch (fork()) {
 	case -1:
-		ctx->error(ctx, "fork error: %s", strerror(errno));
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "fork error: %s", strerror(errno));
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	case 0:
 		/* Child process. */
diff --git a/cmd-queue.c b/cmd-queue.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07884df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd-queue.c
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+/* $OpenBSD$ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Nicholas Marriott <nicm@users.sourceforge.net>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF MIND, USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "tmux.h"
+
+/* Create new command queue. */
+struct cmd_q *
+cmdq_new(struct client *c)
+{
+	struct cmd_q	*cmdq;
+
+	cmdq = xcalloc(1, sizeof *cmdq);
+	cmdq->references = 1;
+	cmdq->dead = 0;
+
+	cmdq->client = c;
+	cmdq->client_exit = 0;
+
+	TAILQ_INIT(&cmdq->queue);
+	cmdq->item = NULL;
+	cmdq->cmd = NULL;
+
+	return (cmdq);
+}
+
+/* Free command queue */
+int
+cmdq_free(struct cmd_q *cmdq)
+{
+	if (--cmdq->references != 0)
+		return (cmdq->dead);
+
+	cmdq_flush(cmdq);
+	free(cmdq);
+	return (1);
+}
+
+/* Show message from command. */
+void printflike2
+cmdq_print(struct cmd_q *cmdq, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	struct client	*c = cmdq->client;
+	struct window	*w;
+	va_list		 ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+
+	if (c == NULL)
+		/* nothing */;
+	else if (c->session == NULL || (c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL)) {
+		va_start(ap, fmt);
+		evbuffer_add_vprintf(c->stdout_data, fmt, ap);
+		va_end(ap);
+
+		evbuffer_add(c->stdout_data, "\n", 1);
+		server_push_stdout(c);
+	} else {
+		w = c->session->curw->window;
+		if (w->active->mode != &window_copy_mode) {
+			window_pane_reset_mode(w->active);
+			window_pane_set_mode(w->active, &window_copy_mode);
+			window_copy_init_for_output(w->active);
+		}
+		window_copy_vadd(w->active, fmt, ap);
+	}
+
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+/* Show info from command. */
+void printflike2
+cmdq_info(struct cmd_q *cmdq, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	struct client	*c = cmdq->client;
+	va_list		 ap;
+	char		*msg;
+
+	if (options_get_number(&global_options, "quiet"))
+		return;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+
+	if (c == NULL)
+		/* nothing */;
+	else if (c->session == NULL || (c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL)) {
+		va_start(ap, fmt);
+		evbuffer_add_vprintf(c->stdout_data, fmt, ap);
+		va_end(ap);
+
+		evbuffer_add(c->stdout_data, "\n", 1);
+		server_push_stdout(c);
+	} else {
+		xvasprintf(&msg, fmt, ap);
+		*msg = toupper((u_char) *msg);
+		status_message_set(c, "%s", msg);
+		free(msg);
+	}
+
+	va_end(ap);
+
+}
+
+/* Show error from command. */
+void printflike2
+cmdq_error(struct cmd_q *cmdq, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	struct client	*c = cmdq->client;
+	struct cmd	*cmd = cmdq->cmd;
+	va_list		 ap;
+	char		*msg, *cause;
+	size_t		 msglen;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	msglen = xvasprintf(&msg, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	if (c == NULL) {
+		xasprintf(&cause, "%s:%u: %s", cmd->file, cmd->line, msg);
+		ARRAY_ADD(&cfg_causes, cause);
+	} else if (c->session == NULL || (c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL)) {
+		evbuffer_add(c->stderr_data, msg, msglen);
+		evbuffer_add(c->stderr_data, "\n", 1);
+
+		server_push_stderr(c);
+		c->retcode = 1;
+	} else {
+		*msg = toupper((u_char) *msg);
+		status_message_set(c, "%s", msg);
+	}
+
+	free(msg);
+}
+
+/* Add command list to queue and begin processing if needed. */
+void
+cmdq_run(struct cmd_q *cmdq, struct cmd_list *cmdlist)
+{
+	cmdq_append(cmdq, cmdlist);
+
+	if (cmdq->item == NULL) {
+		cmdq->cmd = NULL;
+		cmdq_continue(cmdq);
+	}
+}
+
+/* Add command list to queue. */
+void
+cmdq_append(struct cmd_q *cmdq, struct cmd_list *cmdlist)
+{
+	struct cmd_q_item	*item;
+
+	item = xcalloc(1, sizeof *item);
+	item->cmdlist = cmdlist;
+	TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&cmdq->queue, item, qentry);
+	cmdlist->references++;
+}
+
+/* Continue processing command queue. Returns 1 if finishes empty. */
+int
+cmdq_continue(struct cmd_q *cmdq)
+{
+	struct client		*c = cmdq->client;
+	struct cmd_q_item	*next;
+	enum cmd_retval		 retval;
+	int			 guards, empty;
+
+	guards = 0;
+	if (c != NULL && c->session != NULL)
+		guards = c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL;
+
+	notify_disable();
+
+	empty = TAILQ_EMPTY(&cmdq->queue);
+	if (empty)
+		goto empty;
+
+	if (cmdq->item == NULL) {
+		cmdq->item = TAILQ_FIRST(&cmdq->queue);
+		cmdq->cmd = TAILQ_FIRST(&cmdq->item->cmdlist->list);
+	} else
+		cmdq->cmd = TAILQ_NEXT(cmdq->cmd, qentry);
+
+	do {
+		next = TAILQ_NEXT(cmdq->item, qentry);
+
+		while (cmdq->cmd != NULL) {
+			if (guards)
+				cmdq_print(cmdq, "%%begin");
+			retval = cmdq->cmd->entry->exec(cmdq->cmd, cmdq);
+			if (guards)
+				cmdq_print(cmdq, "%%end");
+
+			if (retval == CMD_RETURN_ERROR)
+				break;
+			if (retval == CMD_RETURN_WAIT)
+				goto out;
+			if (retval == CMD_RETURN_STOP) {
+				cmdq_flush(cmdq);
+				goto empty;
+			}
+
+			cmdq->cmd = TAILQ_NEXT(cmdq->cmd, qentry);
+		}
+
+		TAILQ_REMOVE(&cmdq->queue, cmdq->item, qentry);
+		cmd_list_free(cmdq->item->cmdlist);
+		free(cmdq->item);
+
+		cmdq->item = next;
+		if (cmdq->item != NULL)
+			cmdq->cmd = TAILQ_FIRST(&cmdq->item->cmdlist->list);
+	} while (cmdq->item != NULL);
+
+empty:
+	if (cmdq->client_exit)
+		cmdq->client->flags |= CLIENT_EXIT;
+	if (cmdq->emptyfn != NULL)
+		cmdq->emptyfn(cmdq); /* may free cmdq */
+	empty = 1;
+
+out:
+	notify_enable();
+	return (empty);
+}
+
+/* Flush command queue. */
+void
+cmdq_flush(struct cmd_q *cmdq)
+{
+	struct cmd_q_item	*item, *item1;
+
+	TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(item, &cmdq->queue, qentry, item1) {
+		TAILQ_REMOVE(&cmdq->queue, item, qentry);
+		cmd_list_free(item->cmdlist);
+		free(item);
+	}
+	cmdq->item = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/cmd-refresh-client.c b/cmd-refresh-client.c
index 25df230f..eff692dd 100644
--- a/cmd-refresh-client.c
+++ b/cmd-refresh-client.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Refresh client.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_refresh_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_refresh_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_refresh_client_entry = {
 	"refresh-client", "refresh",
@@ -37,32 +37,32 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_refresh_client_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_refresh_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_refresh_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct client	*c;
 	const char	*size;
 	u_int		 w, h;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'C')) {
 		if ((size = args_get(args, 'C')) == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "missing size");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "missing size");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		if (sscanf(size, "%u,%u", &w, &h) != 2) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "bad size argument");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "bad size argument");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		if (w < PANE_MINIMUM || w > 5000 ||
 		    h < PANE_MINIMUM || h > 5000) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "size too small or too big");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "size too small or too big");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		if (!(c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL)) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "not a control client");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "not a control client");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		if (tty_set_size(&c->tty, w, h))
diff --git a/cmd-rename-session.c b/cmd-rename-session.c
index fb8dd4ed..c94b460b 100644
--- a/cmd-rename-session.c
+++ b/cmd-rename-session.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Change session name.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_rename_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_rename_session_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_rename_session_entry = {
 	"rename-session", "rename",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_rename_session_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_rename_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_rename_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*s;
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ cmd_rename_session_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	newname = args->argv[0];
 	if (!session_check_name(newname)) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "bad session name: %s", newname);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "bad session name: %s", newname);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 	if (session_find(newname) != NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "duplicate session: %s", newname);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "duplicate session: %s", newname);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
-	if ((s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	RB_REMOVE(sessions, &sessions, s);
diff --git a/cmd-rename-window.c b/cmd-rename-window.c
index 099ab3b7..34b03f98 100644
--- a/cmd-rename-window.c
+++ b/cmd-rename-window.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Rename a window.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_rename_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_rename_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_rename_window_entry = {
 	"rename-window", "renamew",
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_rename_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_rename_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_rename_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*s;
 	struct winlink	*wl;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	window_set_name(wl->window, args->argv[0]);
diff --git a/cmd-resize-pane.c b/cmd-resize-pane.c
index dbcebbcf..f31e3258 100644
--- a/cmd-resize-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-resize-pane.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_resize_pane_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_resize_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_resize_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_resize_pane_entry = {
 	"resize-pane", "resizep",
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ cmd_resize_pane_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_resize_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_resize_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ cmd_resize_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	u_int			 adjust;
 	int			 x, y;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (args->argc == 0)
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ cmd_resize_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	else {
 		adjust = strtonum(args->argv[0], 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
 		if (errstr != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "adjustment %s", errstr);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "adjustment %s", errstr);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	}
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ cmd_resize_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		x = args_strtonum(self->args, 'x', PANE_MINIMUM, INT_MAX,
 		    &cause);
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "width %s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "width %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ cmd_resize_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		y = args_strtonum(self->args, 'y', PANE_MINIMUM, INT_MAX,
 		    &cause);
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "height %s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "height %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
diff --git a/cmd-respawn-pane.c b/cmd-respawn-pane.c
index 3860dc93..0aae0331 100644
--- a/cmd-respawn-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-respawn-pane.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  * Respawn a pane (restart the command). Kill existing if -k given.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_respawn_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_respawn_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_respawn_pane_entry = {
 	"respawn-pane", "respawnp",
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_respawn_pane_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_respawn_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_respawn_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ cmd_respawn_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char			*cause;
 	u_int			 idx;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	w = wl->window;
 
 	if (!args_has(self->args, 'k') && wp->fd != -1) {
 		if (window_pane_index(wp, &idx) != 0)
 			fatalx("index not found");
-		ctx->error(ctx, "pane still active: %s:%u.%u",
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "pane still active: %s:%u.%u",
 		    s->name, wl->idx, idx);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ cmd_respawn_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	else
 		cmd = NULL;
 	if (window_pane_spawn(wp, cmd, NULL, NULL, &env, s->tio, &cause) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "respawn pane failed: %s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "respawn pane failed: %s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		environ_free(&env);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
diff --git a/cmd-respawn-window.c b/cmd-respawn-window.c
index a178a2ba..646882b0 100644
--- a/cmd-respawn-window.c
+++ b/cmd-respawn-window.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Respawn a window (restart the command). Kill existing if -k given.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_respawn_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_respawn_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_respawn_window_entry = {
 	"respawn-window", "respawnw",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_respawn_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_respawn_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_respawn_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ cmd_respawn_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	const char		*cmd;
 	char		 	*cause;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	w = wl->window;
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ cmd_respawn_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		TAILQ_FOREACH(wp, &w->panes, entry) {
 			if (wp->fd == -1)
 				continue;
-			ctx->error(ctx,
+			cmdq_error(cmdq,
 			    "window still active: %s:%d", s->name, wl->idx);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ cmd_respawn_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	else
 		cmd = NULL;
 	if (window_pane_spawn(wp, cmd, NULL, NULL, &env, s->tio, &cause) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "respawn window failed: %s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "respawn window failed: %s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		environ_free(&env);
 		server_destroy_pane(wp);
diff --git a/cmd-rotate-window.c b/cmd-rotate-window.c
index 7a6c60b3..7af592b3 100644
--- a/cmd-rotate-window.c
+++ b/cmd-rotate-window.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_rotate_window_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_rotate_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_rotate_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_rotate_window_entry = {
 	"rotate-window", "rotatew",
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ cmd_rotate_window_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_rotate_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_rotate_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ cmd_rotate_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	struct layout_cell	*lc;
 	u_int			 sx, sy, xoff, yoff;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	w = wl->window;
 
diff --git a/cmd-run-shell.c b/cmd-run-shell.c
index 3942fa11..5452ceff 100644
--- a/cmd-run-shell.c
+++ b/cmd-run-shell.c
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  * Runs a command without a window.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_run_shell_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_run_shell_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 void	cmd_run_shell_callback(struct job *);
 void	cmd_run_shell_free(void *);
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ void	cmd_run_shell_print(struct job *, const char *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_run_shell_entry = {
 	"run-shell", "run",
-	"t:", 1, 1,
-	CMD_TARGET_PANE_USAGE " command",
+	"bt:", 1, 1,
+	"[-b] " CMD_TARGET_PANE_USAGE " shell-command",
 	0,
 	NULL,
 	NULL,
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_run_shell_entry = {
 
 struct cmd_run_shell_data {
 	char		*cmd;
-	struct cmd_ctx	*ctx;
+	struct cmd_q	*cmdq;
+	int		 bflag;
 	u_int		 wp_id;
 };
 
@@ -55,12 +56,11 @@ void
 cmd_run_shell_print(struct job *job, const char *msg)
 {
 	struct cmd_run_shell_data	*cdata = job->data;
-	struct cmd_ctx			*ctx = cdata->ctx;
 	struct window_pane		*wp;
 
 	wp = window_pane_find_by_id(cdata->wp_id);
 	if (wp == NULL) {
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", msg);
+		cmdq_print(cdata->cmdq, "%s", msg);
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ cmd_run_shell_print(struct job *job, const char *msg)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_run_shell_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_run_shell_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	struct cmd_run_shell_data	*cdata;
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ cmd_run_shell_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	struct window_pane		*wp;
 	struct format_tree		*ft;
 
-	wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp);
+	wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp);
 	if (wl == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
@@ -94,35 +94,37 @@ cmd_run_shell_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	cdata = xmalloc(sizeof *cdata);
 	cdata->cmd = shellcmd;
+	cdata->bflag = args_has(args, 'b');
 	cdata->wp_id = wp->id;
 
-	cdata->ctx = ctx;
-	cmd_ref_ctx(ctx);
+	cdata->cmdq = cmdq;
+	cmdq->references++;
 
 	job_run(shellcmd, cmd_run_shell_callback, cmd_run_shell_free, cdata);
 
-	return (CMD_RETURN_YIELD);	/* don't let client exit */
+	if (cdata->bflag)
+		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
+	return (CMD_RETURN_WAIT);
 }
 
 void
 cmd_run_shell_callback(struct job *job)
 {
 	struct cmd_run_shell_data	*cdata = job->data;
-	struct cmd_ctx			*ctx = cdata->ctx;
+	struct cmd_q			*cmdq = cdata->cmdq;
 	char				*cmd, *msg, *line;
 	size_t				 size;
 	int				 retcode;
 	u_int				 lines;
 
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL && ctx->cmdclient->flags & CLIENT_DEAD)
-		return;
-	if (ctx->curclient != NULL && ctx->curclient->flags & CLIENT_DEAD)
+	if (cmdq->dead)
 		return;
+	cmd = cdata->cmd;
 
 	lines = 0;
 	do {
 		if ((line = evbuffer_readline(job->event->input)) != NULL) {
-			cmd_run_shell_print (job, line);
+			cmd_run_shell_print(job, line);
 			free(line);
 			lines++;
 		}
@@ -140,8 +142,6 @@ cmd_run_shell_callback(struct job *job)
 		free(line);
 	}
 
-	cmd = cdata->cmd;
-
 	msg = NULL;
 	if (WIFEXITED(job->status)) {
 		if ((retcode = WEXITSTATUS(job->status)) != 0)
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ cmd_run_shell_callback(struct job *job)
 	}
 	if (msg != NULL) {
 		if (lines == 0)
-			ctx->info(ctx, "%s", msg);
+			cmdq_info(cmdq, "%s", msg);
 		else
 			cmd_run_shell_print(job, msg);
 		free(msg);
@@ -163,11 +163,10 @@ void
 cmd_run_shell_free(void *data)
 {
 	struct cmd_run_shell_data	*cdata = data;
-	struct cmd_ctx			*ctx = cdata->ctx;
+	struct cmd_q			*cmdq = cdata->cmdq;
 
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL)
-		ctx->cmdclient->flags |= CLIENT_EXIT;
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
+	if (!cmdq_free(cmdq) && !cdata->bflag)
+		cmdq_continue(cmdq);
 
 	free(cdata->cmd);
 	free(cdata);
diff --git a/cmd-save-buffer.c b/cmd-save-buffer.c
index 6031a562..29f71837 100644
--- a/cmd-save-buffer.c
+++ b/cmd-save-buffer.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <vis.h>
 
 #include "tmux.h"
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@
  * Saves a paste buffer to a file.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_save_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_save_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_save_buffer_entry = {
 	"save-buffer", "saveb",
@@ -41,83 +42,132 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_save_buffer_entry = {
 	cmd_save_buffer_exec
 };
 
+const struct cmd_entry cmd_show_buffer_entry = {
+	"show-buffer", "showb",
+	"b:", 0, 0,
+	CMD_BUFFER_USAGE,
+	0,
+	NULL,
+	NULL,
+	cmd_save_buffer_exec
+};
+
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_save_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_save_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct client		*c;
 	struct session          *s;
 	struct paste_buffer	*pb;
 	const char		*path, *newpath, *wd;
-	char			*cause;
+	char			*cause, *start, *end;
+	size_t			 size, used;
 	int			 buffer;
 	mode_t			 mask;
 	FILE			*f;
+	char			*msg;
+	size_t			 msglen;
 
 	if (!args_has(args, 'b')) {
 		if ((pb = paste_get_top(&global_buffers)) == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no buffers");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no buffers");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	} else {
 		buffer = args_strtonum(args, 'b', 0, INT_MAX, &cause);
 		if (cause != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "buffer %s", cause);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "buffer %s", cause);
 			free(cause);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 
 		pb = paste_get_index(&global_buffers, buffer);
 		if (pb == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no buffer %d", buffer);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no buffer %d", buffer);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	}
 
-	path = args->argv[0];
+	if (self->entry == &cmd_show_buffer_entry)
+		path = "-";
+	else
+		path = args->argv[0];
 	if (strcmp(path, "-") == 0) {
-		c = ctx->curclient;
-		if (c == NULL || !(c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL))
-			c = ctx->cmdclient;
+		c = cmdq->client;
 		if (c == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "can't write to stdout");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't write to stdout");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
-		evbuffer_add(c->stdout_data, pb->data, pb->size);
-		server_push_stdout(c);
-	} else {
-		c = ctx->cmdclient;
-		if (c != NULL)
-			wd = c->cwd;
-		else if ((s = cmd_current_session(ctx, 0)) != NULL) {
-			wd = options_get_string(&s->options, "default-path");
-			if (*wd == '\0')
-				wd = s->cwd;
-		} else
-			wd = NULL;
-		if (wd != NULL && *wd != '\0') {
-			newpath = get_full_path(wd, path);
-			if (newpath != NULL)
-				path = newpath;
-		}
-
-		mask = umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
-		if (args_has(self->args, 'a'))
-			f = fopen(path, "ab");
-		else
-			f = fopen(path, "wb");
-		umask(mask);
-		if (f == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "%s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
-			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-		}
-		if (fwrite(pb->data, 1, pb->size, f) != pb->size) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "%s: fwrite error", path);
-			fclose(f);
-			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
-		}
-		fclose(f);
+		if (c->session == NULL || (c->flags & CLIENT_CONTROL))
+			goto do_stdout;
+		goto do_print;
 	}
 
+	c = cmdq->client;
+	if (c != NULL)
+		wd = c->cwd;
+	else if ((s = cmd_current_session(cmdq, 0)) != NULL) {
+		wd = options_get_string(&s->options, "default-path");
+		if (*wd == '\0')
+			wd = s->cwd;
+	} else
+		wd = NULL;
+	if (wd != NULL && *wd != '\0') {
+		newpath = get_full_path(wd, path);
+		if (newpath != NULL)
+			path = newpath;
+	}
+
+	mask = umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
+	if (args_has(self->args, 'a'))
+		f = fopen(path, "ab");
+	else
+		f = fopen(path, "wb");
+	umask(mask);
+	if (f == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "%s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
+		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
+	}
+	if (fwrite(pb->data, 1, pb->size, f) != pb->size) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "%s: fwrite error", path);
+		fclose(f);
+		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
+	}
+	fclose(f);
+
+	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
+
+do_stdout:
+	evbuffer_add(c->stdout_data, pb->data, pb->size);
+	server_push_stdout(c);
+	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
+
+do_print:
+	if (pb->size > (INT_MAX / 4) - 1) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "buffer too big");
+		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
+	}
+	msg = NULL;
+	msglen = 0;
+
+	used = 0;
+	while (used != pb->size) {
+		start = pb->data + used;
+		end = memchr(start, '\n', pb->size - used);
+		if (end != NULL)
+			size = end - start;
+		else
+			size = pb->size - used;
+
+		msglen = size * 4 + 1;
+		msg = xrealloc(msg, 1, msglen);
+
+		strvisx(msg, start, size, VIS_OCTAL|VIS_TAB);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", msg);
+
+		used += size + (end != NULL);
+	}
+
+	free(msg);
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-select-layout.c b/cmd-select-layout.c
index c5f64a07..4b01a69d 100644
--- a/cmd-select-layout.c
+++ b/cmd-select-layout.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_select_layout_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_select_layout_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_select_layout_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_select_layout_entry = {
 	"select-layout", "selectl",
@@ -83,14 +83,14 @@ cmd_select_layout_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_select_layout_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_select_layout_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink	*wl;
 	const char	*layoutname;
 	int		 next, previous, layout;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	next = self->entry == &cmd_next_layout_entry;
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ cmd_select_layout_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		else
 			layout = layout_set_previous(wl->window);
 		server_redraw_window(wl->window);
-		ctx->info(ctx, "arranging in: %s", layout_set_name(layout));
+		cmdq_info(cmdq, "arranging in: %s", layout_set_name(layout));
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	}
 
@@ -117,18 +117,18 @@ cmd_select_layout_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	if (layout != -1) {
 		layout = layout_set_select(wl->window, layout);
 		server_redraw_window(wl->window);
-		ctx->info(ctx, "arranging in: %s", layout_set_name(layout));
+		cmdq_info(cmdq, "arranging in: %s", layout_set_name(layout));
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	}
 
 	if (args->argc != 0) {
 		layoutname = args->argv[0];
 		if (layout_parse(wl->window, layoutname) == -1) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "can't set layout: %s", layoutname);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't set layout: %s", layoutname);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		server_redraw_window(wl->window);
-		ctx->info(ctx, "arranging in: %s", layoutname);
+		cmdq_info(cmdq, "arranging in: %s", layoutname);
 	}
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-select-pane.c b/cmd-select-pane.c
index fce34784..459e98cf 100644
--- a/cmd-select-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-select-pane.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_select_pane_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_select_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_select_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_select_pane_entry = {
 	"select-pane", "selectp",
@@ -64,19 +64,19 @@ cmd_select_pane_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_select_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_select_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
 
 	if (self->entry == &cmd_last_pane_entry || args_has(args, 'l')) {
-		wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL);
+		wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL);
 		if (wl == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 		if (wl->window->last == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no last pane");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no last pane");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 
@@ -87,11 +87,11 @@ cmd_select_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	}
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &wp)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (!window_pane_visible(wp)) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "pane not visible");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "pane not visible");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ cmd_select_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	else if (args_has(self->args, 'D'))
 		wp = window_pane_find_down(wp);
 	if (wp == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "pane not found");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "pane not found");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd-select-window.c b/cmd-select-window.c
index 70d60bed..6206ae4b 100644
--- a/cmd-select-window.c
+++ b/cmd-select-window.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_select_window_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_select_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_select_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_select_window_entry = {
 	"select-window", "selectw",
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ cmd_select_window_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_select_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_select_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink	*wl;
@@ -102,31 +102,31 @@ cmd_select_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		last = 1;
 
 	if (next || previous || last) {
-		s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+		s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
 		if (s == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 		activity = args_has(self->args, 'a');
 		if (next) {
 			if (session_next(s, activity) != 0) {
-				ctx->error(ctx, "no next window");
+				cmdq_error(cmdq, "no next window");
 				return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 			}
 		} else if (previous) {
 			if (session_previous(s, activity) != 0) {
-				ctx->error(ctx, "no previous window");
+				cmdq_error(cmdq, "no previous window");
 				return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 			}
 		} else {
 			if (session_last(s) != 0) {
-				ctx->error(ctx, "no last window");
+				cmdq_error(cmdq, "no last window");
 				return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 			}
 		}
 
 		server_redraw_session(s);
 	} else {
-		wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s);
+		wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s);
 		if (wl == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ cmd_select_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		 */
 		if (args_has(self->args, 'T') && wl == s->curw) {
 			if (session_last(s) != 0) {
-				ctx->error(ctx, "no last window");
+				cmdq_error(cmdq, "no last window");
 				return (-1);
 			}
 			server_redraw_session(s);
diff --git a/cmd-send-keys.c b/cmd-send-keys.c
index f6124d3a..3ee3dbe6 100644
--- a/cmd-send-keys.c
+++ b/cmd-send-keys.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Send keys to client.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_send_keys_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_send_keys_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_send_keys_entry = {
 	"send-keys", "send",
@@ -39,8 +39,18 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_send_keys_entry = {
 	cmd_send_keys_exec
 };
 
+const struct cmd_entry cmd_send_prefix_entry = {
+	"send-prefix", NULL,
+	"2t:", 0, 0,
+	"[-2] " CMD_TARGET_PANE_USAGE,
+	0,
+	NULL,
+	NULL,
+	cmd_send_keys_exec
+};
+
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_send_keys_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_send_keys_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
@@ -49,9 +59,18 @@ cmd_send_keys_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	const char		*str;
 	int			 i, key;
 
-	if (cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp) == NULL)
+	if (cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
+	if (self->entry == &cmd_send_prefix_entry) {
+		if (args_has(args, '2'))
+			key = options_get_number(&s->options, "prefix2");
+		else
+			key = options_get_number(&s->options, "prefix");
+		window_pane_key(wp, s, key);
+		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
+	}
+
 	if (args_has(args, 'R')) {
 		ictx = &wp->ictx;
 
diff --git a/cmd-server-info.c b/cmd-server-info.c
index cefb70f4..a26fe705 100644
--- a/cmd-server-info.c
+++ b/cmd-server-info.c
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
  * Show various information about server.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_server_info_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_server_info_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_server_info_entry = {
 	"server-info", "info",
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_server_info_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_server_info_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_server_info_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct tty_term				*term;
 	struct client				*c;
@@ -66,47 +66,47 @@ cmd_server_info_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	tim = ctime(&start_time);
 	*strchr(tim, '\n') = '\0';
-	ctx->print(ctx, "pid %ld, started %s", (long) getpid(), tim);
-	ctx->print(
-	    ctx, "socket path %s, debug level %d", socket_path, debug_level);
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "pid %ld, started %s", (long) getpid(), tim);
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "socket path %s, debug level %d", socket_path,
+	    debug_level);
 	if (uname(&un) >= 0) {
-		ctx->print(ctx, "system is %s %s %s %s",
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "system is %s %s %s %s",
 		    un.sysname, un.release, un.version, un.machine);
 	}
 	if (cfg_file != NULL)
-		ctx->print(ctx, "configuration file is %s", cfg_file);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "configuration file is %s", cfg_file);
 	else
-		ctx->print(ctx, "configuration file not specified");
-	ctx->print(ctx, "protocol version is %d", PROTOCOL_VERSION);
-	ctx->print(ctx, "%s", "");
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "configuration file not specified");
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "protocol version is %d", PROTOCOL_VERSION);
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", "");
 
-	ctx->print(ctx, "Clients:");
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "Clients:");
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH(&clients); i++) {
 		c = ARRAY_ITEM(&clients, i);
 		if (c == NULL || c->session == NULL)
 			continue;
 
-		ctx->print(ctx,"%2d: %s (%d, %d): %s [%ux%u %s bs=%hho "
+		cmdq_print(cmdq,"%2d: %s (%d, %d): %s [%ux%u %s bs=%hho "
 		    "class=%u] [flags=0x%x/0x%x, references=%u]", i,
 		    c->tty.path, c->ibuf.fd, c->tty.fd, c->session->name,
 		    c->tty.sx, c->tty.sy, c->tty.termname,
 		    c->tty.tio.c_cc[VERASE], c->tty.class,
 		    c->flags, c->tty.flags, c->references);
 	}
-	ctx->print(ctx, "%s", "");
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", "");
 
-	ctx->print(ctx, "Sessions: [%zu]", sizeof (struct grid_cell));
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "Sessions: [%zu]", sizeof (struct grid_cell));
 	RB_FOREACH(s, sessions, &sessions) {
 		t = s->creation_time.tv_sec;
 		tim = ctime(&t);
 		*strchr(tim, '\n') = '\0';
 
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%2u: %s: %u windows (created %s) [%ux%u] "
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%2u: %s: %u windows (created %s) [%ux%u] "
 		    "[flags=0x%x]", s->idx, s->name,
 		    winlink_count(&s->windows), tim, s->sx, s->sy, s->flags);
 		RB_FOREACH(wl, winlinks, &s->windows) {
 			w = wl->window;
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%4u: %s [%ux%u] [flags=0x%x, "
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%4u: %s [%ux%u] [flags=0x%x, "
 			    "references=%u, last layout=%d]", wl->idx, w->name,
 			    w->sx, w->sy, w->flags, w->references,
 			    w->lastlayout);
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ cmd_server_info_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 					size += gl->cellsize *
 					    sizeof *gl->celldata;
 				}
-				ctx->print(ctx,
+				cmdq_print(cmdq,
 				    "%6u: %s %lu %d %u/%u, %zu bytes", j,
 				    wp->tty, (u_long) wp->pid, wp->fd, lines,
 				    gd->hsize + gd->sy, size);
@@ -130,43 +130,43 @@ cmd_server_info_exec(unused struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	ctx->print(ctx, "%s", "");
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", "");
 
-	ctx->print(ctx, "Terminals:");
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "Terminals:");
 	LIST_FOREACH(term, &tty_terms, entry) {
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s [references=%u, flags=0x%x]:",
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s [references=%u, flags=0x%x]:",
 		    term->name, term->references, term->flags);
 		for (i = 0; i < NTTYCODE; i++) {
 			ent = &tty_term_codes[i];
 			code = &term->codes[ent->code];
 			switch (code->type) {
 			case TTYCODE_NONE:
-				ctx->print(ctx, "%2u: %s: [missing]",
+				cmdq_print(cmdq, "%2u: %s: [missing]",
 				    ent->code, ent->name);
 				break;
 			case TTYCODE_STRING:
 				strnvis(out, code->value.string, sizeof out,
 				    VIS_OCTAL|VIS_TAB|VIS_NL);
-				ctx->print(ctx, "%2u: %s: (string) %s",
+				cmdq_print(cmdq, "%2u: %s: (string) %s",
 				    ent->code, ent->name, out);
 				break;
 			case TTYCODE_NUMBER:
-				ctx->print(ctx, "%2u: %s: (number) %d",
+				cmdq_print(cmdq, "%2u: %s: (number) %d",
 				    ent->code, ent->name, code->value.number);
 				break;
 			case TTYCODE_FLAG:
-				ctx->print(ctx, "%2u: %s: (flag) %s",
+				cmdq_print(cmdq, "%2u: %s: (flag) %s",
 				    ent->code, ent->name,
 				    code->value.flag ? "true" : "false");
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	ctx->print(ctx, "%s", "");
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", "");
 
-	ctx->print(ctx, "Jobs:");
+	cmdq_print(cmdq, "Jobs:");
 	LIST_FOREACH(job, &all_jobs, lentry) {
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s [fd=%d, pid=%d, status=%d]",
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s [fd=%d, pid=%d, status=%d]",
 		    job->cmd, job->fd, job->pid, job->status);
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd-set-buffer.c b/cmd-set-buffer.c
index e3b1656b..46450e21 100644
--- a/cmd-set-buffer.c
+++ b/cmd-set-buffer.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Add or set a paste buffer.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_set_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_set_buffer_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_set_buffer_entry = {
 	"set-buffer", "setb",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_set_buffer_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_set_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_set_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	u_int		 limit;
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ cmd_set_buffer_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	buffer = args_strtonum(args, 'b', 0, INT_MAX, &cause);
 	if (cause != NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "buffer %s", cause);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "buffer %s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 		free(pdata);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	if (paste_replace(&global_buffers, buffer, pdata, psize) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "no buffer %d", buffer);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "no buffer %d", buffer);
 		free(pdata);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
diff --git a/cmd-set-environment.c b/cmd-set-environment.c
index 9cebc951..6e75a294 100644
--- a/cmd-set-environment.c
+++ b/cmd-set-environment.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Set an environment variable.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_set_environment_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_set_environment_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_set_environment_entry = {
 	"set-environment", "setenv",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_set_environment_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_set_environment_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_set_environment_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct session	*s;
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ cmd_set_environment_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 
 	name = args->argv[0];
 	if (*name == '\0') {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "empty variable name");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "empty variable name");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 	if (strchr(name, '=') != NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "variable name contains =");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "variable name contains =");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
@@ -65,26 +65,26 @@ cmd_set_environment_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	if (args_has(self->args, 'g'))
 		env = &global_environ;
 	else {
-		if ((s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+		if ((s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		env = &s->environ;
 	}
 
 	if (args_has(self->args, 'u')) {
 		if (value != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "can't specify a value with -u");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't specify a value with -u");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		environ_unset(env, name);
 	} else if (args_has(self->args, 'r')) {
 		if (value != NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "can't specify a value with -r");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't specify a value with -r");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		environ_set(env, name, NULL);
 	} else {
 		if (value == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no value specified");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no value specified");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		environ_set(env, name, value);
diff --git a/cmd-show-environment.c b/cmd-show-environment.c
index e7b9f7c9..cb53e84c 100644
--- a/cmd-show-environment.c
+++ b/cmd-show-environment.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Show environment.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_show_environment_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_show_environment_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_show_environment_entry = {
 	"show-environment", "showenv",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_show_environment_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_show_environment_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_show_environment_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct session		*s;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ cmd_show_environment_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	if (args_has(self->args, 'g'))
 		env = &global_environ;
 	else {
-		if ((s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+		if ((s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		env = &s->environ;
 	}
@@ -58,21 +58,21 @@ cmd_show_environment_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	if (args->argc != 0) {
 		envent = environ_find(env, args->argv[0]);
 		if (envent == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "unknown variable: %s", args->argv[0]);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown variable: %s", args->argv[0]);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		if (envent->value != NULL)
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%s=%s", envent->name, envent->value);
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s=%s", envent->name, envent->value);
 		else
-			ctx->print(ctx, "-%s", envent->name);
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "-%s", envent->name);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	}
 
 	RB_FOREACH(envent, environ, env) {
 		if (envent->value != NULL)
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%s=%s", envent->name, envent->value);
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s=%s", envent->name, envent->value);
 		else
-			ctx->print(ctx, "-%s", envent->name);
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "-%s", envent->name);
 	}
 
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
diff --git a/cmd-show-messages.c b/cmd-show-messages.c
index 8394e3de..cbf083a7 100644
--- a/cmd-show-messages.c
+++ b/cmd-show-messages.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Show client message log.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_show_messages_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_show_messages_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_show_messages_entry = {
 	"show-messages", "showmsgs",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_show_messages_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_show_messages_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_show_messages_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct client		*c;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ cmd_show_messages_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	char			*tim;
 	u_int			 i;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH(&c->message_log); i++) {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ cmd_show_messages_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		tim = ctime(&msg->msg_time);
 		*strchr(tim, '\n') = '\0';
 
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s %s", tim, msg->msg);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s %s", tim, msg->msg);
 	}
 
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
diff --git a/cmd-show-options.c b/cmd-show-options.c
index b42c65cb..9b42ed46 100644
--- a/cmd-show-options.c
+++ b/cmd-show-options.c
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@
  * Show options.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_show_options_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_show_options_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
-enum cmd_retval	cmd_show_options_one(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *,
+enum cmd_retval	cmd_show_options_one(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *,
 		    struct options *);
-enum cmd_retval cmd_show_options_all(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *,
+enum cmd_retval cmd_show_options_all(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *,
 		    const struct options_table_entry *, struct options *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_show_options_entry = {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_show_window_options_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_show_options_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_show_options_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args				*args = self->args;
 	struct session				*s;
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ cmd_show_options_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		if (args_has(self->args, 'g'))
 			oo = &global_w_options;
 		else {
-			wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL);
+			wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL);
 			if (wl == NULL)
 				return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 			oo = &wl->window->options;
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ cmd_show_options_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		if (args_has(self->args, 'g'))
 			oo = &global_s_options;
 		else {
-			s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+			s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
 			if (s == NULL)
 				return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 			oo = &s->options;
@@ -90,13 +90,13 @@ cmd_show_options_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	}
 
 	if (args->argc != 0)
-		return (cmd_show_options_one(self, ctx, oo));
+		return (cmd_show_options_one(self, cmdq, oo));
 	else
-		return (cmd_show_options_all(self, ctx, table, oo));
+		return (cmd_show_options_all(self, cmdq, table, oo));
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_show_options_one(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
+cmd_show_options_one(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq,
     struct options *oo)
 {
 	struct args				*args = self->args;
@@ -106,37 +106,37 @@ cmd_show_options_one(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
 
 	if (*args->argv[0] == '@') {
 		if ((o = options_find1(oo, args->argv[0])) == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "unknown option: %s", args->argv[0]);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown option: %s", args->argv[0]);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 		if (args_has(self->args, 'v'))
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%s", o->str);
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", o->str);
 		else
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%s \"%s\"", o->name, o->str);
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s \"%s\"", o->name, o->str);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	}
 
 	table = oe = NULL;
 	if (options_table_find(args->argv[0], &table, &oe) != 0) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "ambiguous option: %s", args->argv[0]);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "ambiguous option: %s", args->argv[0]);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 	if (oe == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "unknown option: %s", args->argv[0]);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown option: %s", args->argv[0]);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 	if ((o = options_find1(oo, oe->name)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	optval = options_table_print_entry(oe, o, args_has(self->args, 'v'));
 	if (args_has(self->args, 'v'))
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", optval);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", optval);
 	else
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s %s", oe->name, optval);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s %s", oe->name, optval);
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_show_options_all(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
+cmd_show_options_all(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq,
     const struct options_table_entry *table, struct options *oo)
 {
 	const struct options_table_entry	*oe;
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ cmd_show_options_all(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
 	RB_FOREACH(o, options_tree, &oo->tree) {
 		if (*o->name == '@') {
 			if (args_has(self->args, 'v'))
-				ctx->print(ctx, "%s", o->str);
+				cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", o->str);
 			else
-				ctx->print(ctx, "%s \"%s\"", o->name, o->str);
+				cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s \"%s\"", o->name, o->str);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -158,9 +158,9 @@ cmd_show_options_all(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
 		optval = options_table_print_entry(oe, o,
 		    args_has(self->args, 'v'));
 		if (args_has(self->args, 'v'))
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%s", optval);
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", optval);
 		else
-			ctx->print(ctx, "%s %s", oe->name, optval);
+			cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s %s", oe->name, optval);
 	}
 
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
diff --git a/cmd-source-file.c b/cmd-source-file.c
index 0a180d89..3d69a544 100644
--- a/cmd-source-file.c
+++ b/cmd-source-file.c
@@ -26,7 +26,10 @@
  * Sources a configuration file.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_source_file_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	cmd_source_file_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
+
+void		cmd_source_file_show(struct cmd_q *);
+void		cmd_source_file_done(struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_source_file_entry = {
 	"source-file", "source",
@@ -39,35 +42,66 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_source_file_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_source_file_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_source_file_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
-	struct args		*args = self->args;
-	int			 retval;
-	u_int			 i;
-	char			*cause;
+	struct args	*args = self->args;
+	struct cmd_q	*cmdq1;
+	char		*cause;
 
-	retval = load_cfg(args->argv[0], ctx, &cfg_causes);
+	cmdq1 = cmdq_new(NULL);
+	cmdq1->emptyfn = cmd_source_file_done;
+	cmdq1->data = cmdq;
 
-	/*
-	 * If the context for the cmdclient came from tmux's configuration
-	 * file, then return the status of this command now, regardless of the
-	 * error condition. Any errors from parsing a configuration file at
-	 * startup will be handled for us by the server.
-	 */
-	if (cfg_references > 0 ||
-	    (ctx->curclient == NULL && ctx->cmdclient == NULL))
-		return (retval);
+	switch (load_cfg(args->argv[0], cmdq1, &cause)) {
+	case -1:
+		if (cfg_references == 0) {
+			cmdq_free(cmdq1);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "%s", cause);
+			free(cause);
+			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
+		}
+		ARRAY_ADD(&cfg_causes, cause);
+		/* FALLTHROUGH */
+	case 0:
+		if (cfg_references == 0)
+			cmd_source_file_show(cmdq);
+		cmdq_free(cmdq1);
+		return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
+	}
+
+	cmdq->references++;
+	cfg_references++;
+
+	cmdq_continue(cmdq1);
+	return (CMD_RETURN_WAIT);
+}
+
+void
+cmd_source_file_show(struct cmd_q *cmdq)
+{
+	u_int	 i;
+	char	*cause;
 
-	/*
-	 * We were called from the command-line in which case print the errors
-	 * gathered here directly.
-	 */
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH(&cfg_causes); i++) {
 		cause = ARRAY_ITEM(&cfg_causes, i);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", cause);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", cause);
 		free(cause);
 	}
 	ARRAY_FREE(&cfg_causes);
-
-	return (retval);
+}
+
+void
+cmd_source_file_done(struct cmd_q *cmdq1)
+{
+	struct cmd_q	*cmdq = cmdq1->data;
+
+	cmdq_free(cmdq1);
+
+	cfg_references--;
+	if (cmdq_free(cmdq) || cfg_references != 0)
+		return;
+
+	cmd_source_file_show(cmdq);
+
+	cmdq_continue(cmdq);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-split-window.c b/cmd-split-window.c
index b9eb92e3..87c0e6bc 100644
--- a/cmd-split-window.c
+++ b/cmd-split-window.c
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_split_window_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_split_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_split_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_split_window_entry = {
 	"split-window", "splitw",
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ cmd_split_window_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_split_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_split_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct session		*s;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ cmd_split_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	struct format_tree	*ft;
 	char			*cp;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s, &wp)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	w = wl->window;
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ cmd_split_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		cmd = options_get_string(&s->options, "default-command");
 	else
 		cmd = args->argv[0];
-	cwd = cmd_get_default_path(ctx, args_get(args, 'c'));
+	cwd = cmd_get_default_path(cmdq, args_get(args, 'c'));
 
 	type = LAYOUT_TOPBOTTOM;
 	if (args_has(args, 'h'))
@@ -152,14 +152,14 @@ cmd_split_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 			template = SPLIT_WINDOW_TEMPLATE;
 
 		ft = format_create();
-		if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, NULL, 1)) != NULL)
-		    format_client(ft, c);
+		if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, NULL, 1)) != NULL)
+			format_client(ft, c);
 		format_session(ft, s);
 		format_winlink(ft, s, wl);
 		format_window_pane(ft, new_wp);
 
 		cp = format_expand(ft, template);
-		ctx->print(ctx, "%s", cp);
+		cmdq_print(cmdq, "%s", cp);
 		free(cp);
 
 		format_free(ft);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ error:
 	environ_free(&env);
 	if (new_wp != NULL)
 		window_remove_pane(w, new_wp);
-	ctx->error(ctx, "create pane failed: %s", cause);
+	cmdq_error(cmdq, "create pane failed: %s", cause);
 	free(cause);
 	return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-start-server.c b/cmd-start-server.c
index ae425a73..c926b5fe 100644
--- a/cmd-start-server.c
+++ b/cmd-start-server.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Start the server and do nothing else.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_start_server_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_start_server_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_start_server_entry = {
 	"start-server", "start",
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_start_server_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_start_server_exec(unused struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_start_server_exec(unused struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 }
diff --git a/cmd-string.c b/cmd-string.c
index 5a27c5bd..f785b842 100644
--- a/cmd-string.c
+++ b/cmd-string.c
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ cmd_string_ungetc(size_t *p)
  * string, or NULL for empty command.
  */
 int
-cmd_string_parse(const char *s, struct cmd_list **cmdlist, char **cause)
+cmd_string_parse(const char *s, struct cmd_list **cmdlist, const char *file,
+    u_int line, char **cause)
 {
 	size_t		p;
 	int		ch, i, argc, rval;
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ cmd_string_parse(const char *s, struct cmd_list **cmdlist, char **cause)
 			if (argc == 0)
 				goto out;
 
-			*cmdlist = cmd_list_parse(argc, argv, cause);
+			*cmdlist = cmd_list_parse(argc, argv, file, line, cause);
 			if (*cmdlist == NULL)
 				goto out;
 
diff --git a/cmd-suspend-client.c b/cmd-suspend-client.c
index c3806c6f..dda0f977 100644
--- a/cmd-suspend-client.c
+++ b/cmd-suspend-client.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  * Suspend client with SIGTSTP.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_suspend_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_suspend_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_suspend_client_entry = {
 	"suspend-client", "suspendc",
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_suspend_client_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_suspend_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_suspend_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct client	*c;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	tty_stop_tty(&c->tty);
diff --git a/cmd-swap-pane.c b/cmd-swap-pane.c
index 6d9fcfeb..ae875946 100644
--- a/cmd-swap-pane.c
+++ b/cmd-swap-pane.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_swap_pane_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_swap_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_swap_pane_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_swap_pane_entry = {
 	"swap-pane", "swapp",
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ cmd_swap_pane_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_swap_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_swap_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*src_wl, *dst_wl;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ cmd_swap_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	struct layout_cell	*src_lc, *dst_lc;
 	u_int			 sx, sy, xoff, yoff;
 
-	dst_wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &dst_wp);
+	dst_wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), NULL, &dst_wp);
 	if (dst_wl == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	dst_w = dst_wl->window;
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ cmd_swap_pane_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		} else
 			return (CMD_RETURN_NORMAL);
 	} else {
-		src_wl = cmd_find_pane(ctx, args_get(args, 's'), NULL, &src_wp);
+		src_wl = cmd_find_pane(cmdq, args_get(args, 's'), NULL, &src_wp);
 		if (src_wl == NULL)
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		src_w = src_wl->window;
diff --git a/cmd-swap-window.c b/cmd-swap-window.c
index b2e2c119..ed175480 100644
--- a/cmd-swap-window.c
+++ b/cmd-swap-window.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  * Swap one window with another.
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	cmd_swap_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	cmd_swap_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_swap_window_entry = {
 	"swap-window", "swapw",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_swap_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_swap_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_swap_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	const char		*target_src, *target_dst;
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ cmd_swap_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	struct window		*w;
 
 	target_src = args_get(args, 's');
-	if ((wl_src = cmd_find_window(ctx, target_src, &src)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl_src = cmd_find_window(cmdq, target_src, &src)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	target_dst = args_get(args, 't');
-	if ((wl_dst = cmd_find_window(ctx, target_dst, &dst)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl_dst = cmd_find_window(cmdq, target_dst, &dst)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	sg_src = session_group_find(src);
 	sg_dst = session_group_find(dst);
 	if (src != dst &&
 	    sg_src != NULL && sg_dst != NULL && sg_src == sg_dst) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't move window, sessions are grouped");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't move window, sessions are grouped");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd-switch-client.c b/cmd-switch-client.c
index 0fcf0146..ea5012ed 100644
--- a/cmd-switch-client.c
+++ b/cmd-switch-client.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  */
 
 void		 cmd_switch_client_key_binding(struct cmd *, int);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_switch_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_switch_client_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_switch_client_entry = {
 	"switch-client", "switchc",
@@ -58,45 +58,45 @@ cmd_switch_client_key_binding(struct cmd *self, int key)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_switch_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_switch_client_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args	*args = self->args;
 	struct client	*c;
 	struct session	*s;
 
-	if ((c = cmd_find_client(ctx, args_get(args, 'c'), 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((c = cmd_find_client(cmdq, args_get(args, 'c'), 0)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
 	if (args_has(args, 'r')) {
 		if (c->flags & CLIENT_READONLY) {
 			c->flags &= ~CLIENT_READONLY;
-			ctx->info(ctx, "made client writable");
+			cmdq_info(cmdq, "made client writable");
 		} else {
 			c->flags |= CLIENT_READONLY;
-			ctx->info(ctx, "made client read-only");
+			cmdq_info(cmdq, "made client read-only");
 		}
 	}
 
 	s = NULL;
 	if (args_has(args, 'n')) {
 		if ((s = session_next_session(c->session)) == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "can't find next session");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't find next session");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	} else if (args_has(args, 'p')) {
 		if ((s = session_previous_session(c->session)) == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "can't find previous session");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't find previous session");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	} else if (args_has(args, 'l')) {
 		if (c->last_session != NULL && session_alive(c->last_session))
 			s = c->last_session;
 		if (s == NULL) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "can't find last session");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't find last session");
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	} else
-		s = cmd_find_session(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
+		s = cmd_find_session(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), 0);
 	if (s == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 
diff --git a/cmd-unbind-key.c b/cmd-unbind-key.c
index 4a39f51b..88c81270 100644
--- a/cmd-unbind-key.c
+++ b/cmd-unbind-key.c
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
  */
 
 enum cmd_retval	 cmd_unbind_key_check(struct args *);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_unbind_key_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_unbind_key_table(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *, int);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_unbind_key_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_unbind_key_table(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *, int);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_unbind_key_entry = {
 	"unbind-key", "unbind",
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ cmd_unbind_key_check(struct args *args)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_unbind_key_exec(struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_unbind_key_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct key_binding	*bd;
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ cmd_unbind_key_exec(struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	if (!args_has(args, 'a')) {
 		key = key_string_lookup_string(args->argv[0]);
 		if (key == KEYC_NONE) {
-			ctx->error(ctx, "unknown key: %s", args->argv[0]);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown key: %s", args->argv[0]);
 			return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 		}
 	} else
 		key = KEYC_NONE;
 
 	if (args_has(args, 't'))
-		return (cmd_unbind_key_table(self, ctx, key));
+		return (cmd_unbind_key_table(self, cmdq, key));
 
 	if (key == KEYC_NONE) {
 		while (!RB_EMPTY(&key_bindings)) {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ cmd_unbind_key_exec(struct cmd *self, unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 }
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_unbind_key_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int key)
+cmd_unbind_key_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq, int key)
 {
 	struct args			*args = self->args;
 	const char			*tablename;
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ cmd_unbind_key_table(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int key)
 
 	tablename = args_get(args, 't');
 	if ((mtab = mode_key_findtable(tablename)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "unknown key table: %s", tablename);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "unknown key table: %s", tablename);
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd-unlink-window.c b/cmd-unlink-window.c
index c3d3c2ee..78c4b390 100644
--- a/cmd-unlink-window.c
+++ b/cmd-unlink-window.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
  * Unlink a window, unless it would be destroyed by doing so (only one link).
  */
 
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_unlink_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+enum cmd_retval	 cmd_unlink_window_exec(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 
 const struct cmd_entry cmd_unlink_window_entry = {
 	"unlink-window", "unlinkw",
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ const struct cmd_entry cmd_unlink_window_entry = {
 };
 
 enum cmd_retval
-cmd_unlink_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_unlink_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct args		*args = self->args;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ cmd_unlink_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 	struct session_group	*sg;
 	u_int			 references;
 
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, args_get(args, 't'), &s)) == NULL)
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	w = wl->window;
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ cmd_unlink_window_exec(struct cmd *self, struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
 		references = 1;
 
 	if (!args_has(self->args, 'k') && w->references == references) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "window is only linked to one session");
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "window is only linked to one session");
 		return (CMD_RETURN_ERROR);
 	}
 
diff --git a/cmd.c b/cmd.c
index 6fe4d565..5f530299 100644
--- a/cmd.c
+++ b/cmd.c
@@ -127,48 +127,12 @@ int		 cmd_lookup_index(struct session *, const char *, int *);
 struct window_pane *cmd_lookup_paneid(const char *);
 struct winlink	*cmd_lookup_winlink_windowid(struct session *, const char *);
 struct window	*cmd_lookup_windowid(const char *);
-struct session	*cmd_window_session(struct cmd_ctx *,
-		    struct window *, struct winlink **);
+struct session	*cmd_window_session(struct cmd_q *, struct window *,
+		    struct winlink **);
 struct winlink	*cmd_find_window_offset(const char *, struct session *, int *);
 int		 cmd_find_index_offset(const char *, struct session *, int *);
 struct window_pane *cmd_find_pane_offset(const char *, struct winlink *);
 
-struct cmd_ctx *
-cmd_get_ctx(struct client *cmdclient, struct client *curclient)
-{
-	struct cmd_ctx	*ctx;
-
-	ctx = xcalloc(1, sizeof *ctx);
-	ctx->references = 0;
-
-	ctx->cmdclient = cmdclient;
-	ctx->curclient = curclient;
-
-	cmd_ref_ctx(ctx);
-	return (ctx);
-}
-
-void
-cmd_free_ctx(struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
-{
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL)
-		ctx->cmdclient->references--;
-	if (ctx->curclient != NULL)
-		ctx->curclient->references--;
-	if (--ctx->references == 0)
-		free(ctx);
-}
-
-void
-cmd_ref_ctx(struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
-{
-	ctx->references++;
-	if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL)
-		ctx->cmdclient->references++;
-	if (ctx->curclient != NULL)
-		ctx->curclient->references++;
-}
-
 int
 cmd_pack_argv(int argc, char **argv, char *buf, size_t len)
 {
@@ -242,7 +206,7 @@ cmd_free_argv(int argc, char **argv)
 }
 
 struct cmd *
-cmd_parse(int argc, char **argv, char **cause)
+cmd_parse(int argc, char **argv, const char *file, u_int line, char **cause)
 {
 	const struct cmd_entry **entryp, *entry;
 	struct cmd		*cmd;
@@ -292,9 +256,14 @@ cmd_parse(int argc, char **argv, char **cause)
 	if (entry->check != NULL && entry->check(args) != 0)
 		goto usage;
 
-	cmd = xmalloc(sizeof *cmd);
+	cmd = xcalloc(1, sizeof *cmd);
 	cmd->entry = entry;
 	cmd->args = args;
+
+	if (file != NULL)
+		cmd->file = xstrdup(file);
+	cmd->line = line;
+
 	return (cmd);
 
 ambiguous:
@@ -343,31 +312,33 @@ cmd_print(struct cmd *cmd, char *buf, size_t len)
  * session from all sessions.
  */
 struct session *
-cmd_current_session(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, int prefer_unattached)
+cmd_current_session(struct cmd_q *cmdq, int prefer_unattached)
 {
-	struct msg_command_data	*data = ctx->msgdata;
-	struct client		*c = ctx->cmdclient;
+	struct msg_command_data	*data = cmdq->msgdata;
+	struct client		*c = cmdq->client;
 	struct session		*s;
 	struct sessionslist	 ss;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
+	const char		*path;
 	int			 found;
 
-	if (ctx->curclient != NULL && ctx->curclient->session != NULL)
-		return (ctx->curclient->session);
+	if (c != NULL && c->session != NULL)
+		return (c->session);
 
 	/*
 	 * If the name of the calling client's pty is know, build a list of the
 	 * sessions that contain it and if any choose either the first or the
 	 * newest.
 	 */
-	if (c != NULL && c->tty.path != NULL) {
+	path = c == NULL ? NULL : c->tty.path;
+	if (path != NULL) {
 		ARRAY_INIT(&ss);
 		RB_FOREACH(s, sessions, &sessions) {
 			found = 0;
 			RB_FOREACH(wl, winlinks, &s->windows) {
 				TAILQ_FOREACH(wp, &wl->window->panes, entry) {
-					if (strcmp(wp->tty, c->tty.path) == 0) {
+					if (strcmp(wp->tty, path) == 0) {
 						found = 1;
 						break;
 					}
@@ -458,21 +429,21 @@ cmd_choose_session_list(struct sessionslist *ss)
  * then of all clients.
  */
 struct client *
-cmd_current_client(struct cmd_ctx *ctx)
+cmd_current_client(struct cmd_q *cmdq)
 {
 	struct session		*s;
 	struct client		*c;
 	struct clients		 cc;
 	u_int			 i;
 
-	if (ctx->curclient != NULL)
-		return (ctx->curclient);
+	if (cmdq->client != NULL && cmdq->client->session != NULL)
+		return (cmdq->client);
 
 	/*
 	 * No current client set. Find the current session and return the
 	 * newest of its clients.
 	 */
-	s = cmd_current_session(ctx, 0);
+	s = cmd_current_session(cmdq, 0);
 	if (s != NULL && !(s->flags & SESSION_UNATTACHED)) {
 		ARRAY_INIT(&cc);
 		for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH(&clients); i++) {
@@ -517,7 +488,7 @@ cmd_choose_client(struct clients *cc)
 
 /* Find the target client or report an error and return NULL. */
 struct client *
-cmd_find_client(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int quiet)
+cmd_find_client(struct cmd_q *cmdq, const char *arg, int quiet)
 {
 	struct client	*c;
 	char		*tmparg;
@@ -525,9 +496,9 @@ cmd_find_client(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int quiet)
 
 	/* A NULL argument means the current client. */
 	if (arg == NULL) {
-		c = cmd_current_client(ctx);
+		c = cmd_current_client(cmdq);
 		if (c == NULL && !quiet)
-			ctx->error(ctx, "no clients");
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "no clients");
 		return (c);
 	}
 	tmparg = xstrdup(arg);
@@ -542,7 +513,7 @@ cmd_find_client(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int quiet)
 
 	/* If no client found, report an error. */
 	if (c == NULL && !quiet)
-		ctx->error(ctx, "client not found: %s", tmparg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "client not found: %s", tmparg);
 
 	free(tmparg);
 	return (c);
@@ -744,14 +715,14 @@ cmd_lookup_windowid(const char *arg)
 
 /* Find session and winlink for window. */
 struct session *
-cmd_window_session(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, struct window *w, struct winlink **wlp)
+cmd_window_session(struct cmd_q *cmdq, struct window *w, struct winlink **wlp)
 {
 	struct session		*s;
 	struct sessionslist	 ss;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
 
 	/* If this window is in the current session, return that winlink. */
-	s = cmd_current_session(ctx, 0);
+	s = cmd_current_session(cmdq, 0);
 	if (s != NULL) {
 		wl = winlink_find_by_window(&s->windows, w);
 		if (wl != NULL) {
@@ -776,7 +747,7 @@ cmd_window_session(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, struct window *w, struct winlink **wlp)
 
 /* Find the target session or report an error and return NULL. */
 struct session *
-cmd_find_session(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int prefer_unattached)
+cmd_find_session(struct cmd_q *cmdq, const char *arg, int prefer_unattached)
 {
 	struct session		*s;
 	struct window_pane	*wp;
@@ -788,13 +759,13 @@ cmd_find_session(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int prefer_unattached)
 
 	/* A NULL argument means the current session. */
 	if (arg == NULL)
-		return (cmd_current_session(ctx, prefer_unattached));
+		return (cmd_current_session(cmdq, prefer_unattached));
 
 	/* Lookup as pane id or window id. */
 	if ((wp = cmd_lookup_paneid(arg)) != NULL)
-		return (cmd_window_session(ctx, wp->window, NULL));
+		return (cmd_window_session(cmdq, wp->window, NULL));
 	if ((w = cmd_lookup_windowid(arg)) != NULL)
-		return (cmd_window_session(ctx, w, NULL));
+		return (cmd_window_session(cmdq, w, NULL));
 
 	/* Trim a single trailing colon if any. */
 	tmparg = xstrdup(arg);
@@ -805,7 +776,7 @@ cmd_find_session(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int prefer_unattached)
 	/* An empty session name is the current session. */
 	if (*tmparg == '\0') {
 		free(tmparg);
-		return (cmd_current_session(ctx, prefer_unattached));
+		return (cmd_current_session(cmdq, prefer_unattached));
 	}
 
 	/* Find the session, if any. */
@@ -818,9 +789,9 @@ cmd_find_session(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int prefer_unattached)
 	/* If no session found, report an error. */
 	if (s == NULL) {
 		if (ambiguous)
-			ctx->error(ctx, "more than one session: %s", tmparg);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "more than one session: %s", tmparg);
 		else
-			ctx->error(ctx, "session not found: %s", tmparg);
+			cmdq_error(cmdq, "session not found: %s", tmparg);
 	}
 
 	free(tmparg);
@@ -829,7 +800,7 @@ cmd_find_session(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int prefer_unattached)
 
 /* Find the target session and window or report an error and return NULL. */
 struct winlink *
-cmd_find_window(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, struct session **sp)
+cmd_find_window(struct cmd_q *cmdq, const char *arg, struct session **sp)
 {
 	struct session		*s;
 	struct winlink		*wl;
@@ -842,8 +813,8 @@ cmd_find_window(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, struct session **sp)
 	 * Find the current session. There must always be a current session, if
 	 * it can't be found, report an error.
 	 */
-	if ((s = cmd_current_session(ctx, 0)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't establish current session");
+	if ((s = cmd_current_session(cmdq, 0)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't establish current session");
 		return (NULL);
 	}
 
@@ -856,7 +827,7 @@ cmd_find_window(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, struct session **sp)
 
 	/* Lookup as pane id. */
 	if ((wp = cmd_lookup_paneid(arg)) != NULL) {
-		s = cmd_window_session(ctx, wp->window, &wl);
+		s = cmd_window_session(cmdq, wp->window, &wl);
 		if (sp != NULL)
 			*sp = s;
 		return (wl);
@@ -937,17 +908,17 @@ lookup_session:
 
 no_session:
 	if (ambiguous)
-		ctx->error(ctx, "multiple sessions: %s", arg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "multiple sessions: %s", arg);
 	else
-		ctx->error(ctx, "session not found: %s", arg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "session not found: %s", arg);
 	free(sessptr);
 	return (NULL);
 
 not_found:
 	if (ambiguous)
-		ctx->error(ctx, "multiple windows: %s", arg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "multiple windows: %s", arg);
 	else
-		ctx->error(ctx, "window not found: %s", arg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "window not found: %s", arg);
 	free(sessptr);
 	return (NULL);
 }
@@ -979,7 +950,7 @@ cmd_find_window_offset(const char *winptr, struct session *s, int *ambiguous)
  * example if it is going to be created).
  */
 int
-cmd_find_index(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, struct session **sp)
+cmd_find_index(struct cmd_q *cmdq, const char *arg, struct session **sp)
 {
 	struct session	*s;
 	struct winlink	*wl;
@@ -991,8 +962,8 @@ cmd_find_index(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, struct session **sp)
 	 * Find the current session. There must always be a current session, if
 	 * it can't be found, report an error.
 	 */
-	if ((s = cmd_current_session(ctx, 0)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't establish current session");
+	if ((s = cmd_current_session(cmdq, 0)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't establish current session");
 		return (-2);
 	}
 
@@ -1075,25 +1046,25 @@ lookup_session:
 
 no_session:
 	if (ambiguous)
-		ctx->error(ctx, "multiple sessions: %s", arg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "multiple sessions: %s", arg);
 	else
-		ctx->error(ctx, "session not found: %s", arg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "session not found: %s", arg);
 	free(sessptr);
 	return (-2);
 
 invalid_index:
 	if (ambiguous)
 		goto not_found;
-	ctx->error(ctx, "invalid index: %s", arg);
+	cmdq_error(cmdq, "invalid index: %s", arg);
 
 	free(sessptr);
 	return (-2);
 
 not_found:
 	if (ambiguous)
-		ctx->error(ctx, "multiple windows: %s", arg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "multiple windows: %s", arg);
 	else
-		ctx->error(ctx, "window not found: %s", arg);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "window not found: %s", arg);
 	free(sessptr);
 	return (-2);
 }
@@ -1130,7 +1101,7 @@ cmd_find_index_offset(const char *winptr, struct session *s, int *ambiguous)
  * such as mysession:mywindow.0.
  */
 struct winlink *
-cmd_find_pane(struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
+cmd_find_pane(struct cmd_q *cmdq,
     const char *arg, struct session **sp, struct window_pane **wpp)
 {
 	struct session	*s;
@@ -1140,8 +1111,8 @@ cmd_find_pane(struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
 	u_int		 idx;
 
 	/* Get the current session. */
-	if ((s = cmd_current_session(ctx, 0)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't establish current session");
+	if ((s = cmd_current_session(cmdq, 0)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't establish current session");
 		return (NULL);
 	}
 	if (sp != NULL)
@@ -1155,7 +1126,7 @@ cmd_find_pane(struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
 
 	/* Lookup as pane id. */
 	if ((*wpp = cmd_lookup_paneid(arg)) != NULL) {
-		s = cmd_window_session(ctx, (*wpp)->window, &wl);
+		s = cmd_window_session(cmdq, (*wpp)->window, &wl);
 		if (sp != NULL)
 			*sp = s;
 		return (wl);
@@ -1170,7 +1141,7 @@ cmd_find_pane(struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
 	winptr[period - arg] = '\0';
 	if (*winptr == '\0')
 		wl = s->curw;
-	else if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, winptr, sp)) == NULL)
+	else if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, winptr, sp)) == NULL)
 		goto error;
 
 	/* Find the pane section and look it up. */
@@ -1194,7 +1165,7 @@ cmd_find_pane(struct cmd_ctx *ctx,
 lookup_string:
 	/* Try pane string description. */
 	if ((*wpp = window_find_string(wl->window, paneptr)) == NULL) {
-		ctx->error(ctx, "can't find pane: %s", paneptr);
+		cmdq_error(cmdq, "can't find pane: %s", paneptr);
 		goto error;
 	}
 
@@ -1219,7 +1190,7 @@ lookup_window:
 		return (s->curw);
 
 	/* Try as a window and use the active pane. */
-	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(ctx, arg, sp)) != NULL)
+	if ((wl = cmd_find_window(cmdq, arg, sp)) != NULL)
 		*wpp = wl->window->active;
 	return (wl);
 
@@ -1297,8 +1268,9 @@ cmd_template_replace(const char *template, const char *s, int idx)
  * directory.
  */
 const char *
-cmd_get_default_path(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *cwd)
+cmd_get_default_path(struct cmd_q *cmdq, const char *cwd)
 {
+	struct client		*c = cmdq->client;
 	struct session		*s;
 	struct environ_entry	*envent;
 	const char		*root;
@@ -1308,7 +1280,7 @@ cmd_get_default_path(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *cwd)
 	size_t			 skip;
 	static char		 path[MAXPATHLEN];
 
-	if ((s = cmd_current_session(ctx, 0)) == NULL)
+	if ((s = cmd_current_session(cmdq, 0)) == NULL)
 		return (NULL);
 
 	if (cwd == NULL)
@@ -1338,9 +1310,9 @@ cmd_get_default_path(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *cwd)
 		return (cwd);
 	} else {
 		/* Empty or relative path. */
-		if (ctx->cmdclient != NULL && ctx->cmdclient->cwd != NULL)
-			root = ctx->cmdclient->cwd;
-		else if (ctx->curclient != NULL && s->curw != NULL)
+		if (c != NULL && c->session == NULL && c->cwd != NULL)
+			root = c->cwd;
+		else if (s->curw != NULL)
 			root = get_proc_cwd(s->curw->window->active->fd);
 		else
 			return (s->cwd);
diff --git a/control.c b/control.c
index a248e91f..fc2d6e43 100644
--- a/control.c
+++ b/control.c
@@ -25,46 +25,6 @@
 
 #include "tmux.h"
 
-void printflike2 control_msg_error(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-void printflike2 control_msg_print(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-void printflike2 control_msg_info(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-
-/* Command error callback. */
-void printflike2
-control_msg_error(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	struct client	*c = ctx->curclient;
-	va_list		 ap;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	evbuffer_add_vprintf(c->stdout_data, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	evbuffer_add(c->stdout_data, "\n", 1);
-	server_push_stdout(c);
-}
-
-/* Command print callback. */
-void printflike2
-control_msg_print(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	struct client	*c = ctx->curclient;
-	va_list		 ap;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	evbuffer_add_vprintf(c->stdout_data, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	evbuffer_add(c->stdout_data, "\n", 1);
-	server_push_stdout(c);
-}
-
-/* Command info callback. */
-void printflike2
-control_msg_info(unused struct cmd_ctx *ctx, unused const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-}
-
 /* Write a line. */
 void printflike2
 control_write(struct client *c, const char *fmt, ...)
@@ -93,7 +53,6 @@ void
 control_callback(struct client *c, int closed, unused void *data)
 {
 	char		*line, *cause;
-	struct cmd_ctx	*ctx;
 	struct cmd_list	*cmdlist;
 
 	if (closed)
@@ -108,20 +67,14 @@ control_callback(struct client *c, int closed, unused void *data)
 			break;
 		}
 
-		ctx = cmd_get_ctx(NULL, c);
-		ctx->error = control_msg_error;
-		ctx->print = control_msg_print;
-		ctx->info = control_msg_info;
-
-		if (cmd_string_parse(line, &cmdlist, &cause) != 0) {
+		if (cmd_string_parse(line, &cmdlist, NULL, 0, &cause) != 0) {
 			control_write(c, "%%error in line \"%s\": %s", line,
 			    cause);
 			free(cause);
 		} else {
-			cmd_list_exec(cmdlist, ctx);
+			cmdq_run(c->cmdq, cmdlist);
 			cmd_list_free(cmdlist);
 		}
-		cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
 
 		free(line);
 	}
diff --git a/format.c b/format.c
index 4c93c766..af2c128b 100644
--- a/format.c
+++ b/format.c
@@ -397,10 +397,8 @@ format_window_pane(struct format_tree *ft, struct window_pane *wp)
 	struct grid		*gd = wp->base.grid;
 	struct grid_line	*gl;
 	unsigned long long	 size;
-	u_int			 i;
-	u_int			 idx;
-	const char		*cwd;
-	const char		*cmd;
+	u_int			 i, idx;
+	const char		*cwd, *cmd;
 
 	size = 0;
 	for (i = 0; i < gd->hsize; i++) {
diff --git a/key-bindings.c b/key-bindings.c
index 0f944c4c..4e889b7e 100644
--- a/key-bindings.c
+++ b/key-bindings.c
@@ -182,11 +182,11 @@ key_bindings_init(void)
 	RB_INIT(&key_bindings);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < nitems(table); i++) {
-		cmdlist = xmalloc(sizeof *cmdlist);
-		TAILQ_INIT(&cmdlist->list);
+		cmdlist = xcalloc(1, sizeof *cmdlist);
 		cmdlist->references = 1;
+		TAILQ_INIT(&cmdlist->list);
 
-		cmd = xmalloc(sizeof *cmd);
+		cmd = xcalloc(1, sizeof *cmd);
 		cmd->entry = table[i].entry;
 		if (cmd->entry->key_binding != NULL)
 			cmd->entry->key_binding(cmd, table[i].key);
@@ -199,88 +199,21 @@ key_bindings_init(void)
 	}
 }
 
-void printflike2
-key_bindings_error(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	va_list	ap;
-	char   *msg;
-
-	if (ctx->curclient->session == NULL)
-		return;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	xvasprintf(&msg, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	*msg = toupper((u_char) *msg);
-	status_message_set(ctx->curclient, "%s", msg);
-	free(msg);
-}
-
-void printflike2
-key_bindings_print(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	struct winlink	*wl;
-	va_list		 ap;
-
-	if (ctx->curclient->session == NULL)
-		return;
-
-	wl = ctx->curclient->session->curw;
-	if (wl->window->active->mode != &window_copy_mode) {
-		window_pane_reset_mode(wl->window->active);
-		window_pane_set_mode(wl->window->active, &window_copy_mode);
-		window_copy_init_for_output(wl->window->active);
-	}
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	window_copy_vadd(wl->window->active, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-}
-
-void printflike2
-key_bindings_info(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	va_list	ap;
-	char   *msg;
-
-	if (ctx->curclient->session == NULL)
-		return;
-
-	if (options_get_number(&global_options, "quiet"))
-		return;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	xvasprintf(&msg, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	*msg = toupper((u_char) *msg);
-	status_message_set(ctx->curclient, "%s", msg);
-	free(msg);
-}
-
 void
 key_bindings_dispatch(struct key_binding *bd, struct client *c)
 {
-	struct cmd_ctx	*ctx;
 	struct cmd	*cmd;
 	int		 readonly;
 
-	ctx = cmd_get_ctx(NULL, c);
-	ctx->error = key_bindings_error;
-	ctx->print = key_bindings_print;
-	ctx->info = key_bindings_info;
-
 	readonly = 1;
 	TAILQ_FOREACH(cmd, &bd->cmdlist->list, qentry) {
 		if (!(cmd->entry->flags & CMD_READONLY))
 			readonly = 0;
 	}
-	if (!readonly && c->flags & CLIENT_READONLY) {
-		key_bindings_info(ctx, "client is read-only");
+	if (!readonly && (c->flags & CLIENT_READONLY)) {
+		cmdq_info(c->cmdq, "client is read-only");
 		return;
 	}
 
-	cmd_list_exec(bd->cmdlist, ctx);
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
+	cmdq_run(c->cmdq, bd->cmdlist);
 }
diff --git a/server-client.c b/server-client.c
index ef4936fc..6f29000b 100644
--- a/server-client.c
+++ b/server-client.c
@@ -45,10 +45,6 @@ void	server_client_msg_identify(
 	    struct client *, struct msg_identify_data *, int);
 void	server_client_msg_shell(struct client *);
 
-void printflike2 server_client_msg_error(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-void printflike2 server_client_msg_print(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-void printflike2 server_client_msg_info(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-
 /* Create a new client. */
 void
 server_client_create(int fd)
@@ -67,6 +63,9 @@ server_client_create(int fd)
 		fatal("gettimeofday failed");
 	memcpy(&c->activity_time, &c->creation_time, sizeof c->activity_time);
 
+	c->cmdq = cmdq_new(c);
+	c->cmdq->client_exit = 1;
+
 	c->stdin_data = evbuffer_new ();
 	c->stdout_data = evbuffer_new ();
 	c->stderr_data = evbuffer_new ();
@@ -181,6 +180,10 @@ server_client_lost(struct client *c)
 	free(c->prompt_buffer);
 	free(c->cwd);
 
+	c->cmdq->dead = 1;
+	cmdq_free(c->cmdq);
+	c->cmdq = NULL;
+
 	environ_free(&c->environ);
 
 	close(c->ibuf.fd);
@@ -901,71 +904,18 @@ server_client_msg_dispatch(struct client *c)
 	}
 }
 
-/* Callback to send error message to client. */
-void printflike2
-server_client_msg_error(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	va_list	ap;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	evbuffer_add_vprintf(ctx->cmdclient->stderr_data, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	evbuffer_add(ctx->cmdclient->stderr_data, "\n", 1);
-	server_push_stderr(ctx->cmdclient);
-	ctx->cmdclient->retcode = 1;
-}
-
-/* Callback to send print message to client. */
-void printflike2
-server_client_msg_print(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	va_list	ap;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	evbuffer_add_vprintf(ctx->cmdclient->stdout_data, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	evbuffer_add(ctx->cmdclient->stdout_data, "\n", 1);
-	server_push_stdout(ctx->cmdclient);
-}
-
-/* Callback to send print message to client, if not quiet. */
-void printflike2
-server_client_msg_info(struct cmd_ctx *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-	va_list	ap;
-
-	if (options_get_number(&global_options, "quiet"))
-		return;
-
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	evbuffer_add_vprintf(ctx->cmdclient->stdout_data, fmt, ap);
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	evbuffer_add(ctx->cmdclient->stdout_data, "\n", 1);
-	server_push_stdout(ctx->cmdclient);
-}
-
 /* Handle command message. */
 void
 server_client_msg_command(struct client *c, struct msg_command_data *data)
 {
-	struct cmd_ctx	*ctx;
 	struct cmd_list	*cmdlist = NULL;
 	int		 argc;
 	char	       **argv, *cause;
 
-	ctx = cmd_get_ctx(c, NULL);
-	ctx->msgdata = data;
-	ctx->error = server_client_msg_error;
-	ctx->print = server_client_msg_print;
-	ctx->info = server_client_msg_info;
-
 	argc = data->argc;
 	data->argv[(sizeof data->argv) - 1] = '\0';
 	if (cmd_unpack_argv(data->argv, sizeof data->argv, argc, &argv) != 0) {
-		server_client_msg_error(ctx, "command too long");
+		cmdq_error(c->cmdq, "command too long");
 		goto error;
 	}
 
@@ -975,31 +925,20 @@ server_client_msg_command(struct client *c, struct msg_command_data *data)
 		*argv = xstrdup("new-session");
 	}
 
-	if ((cmdlist = cmd_list_parse(argc, argv, &cause)) == NULL) {
-		server_client_msg_error(ctx, "%s", cause);
+	if ((cmdlist = cmd_list_parse(argc, argv, NULL, 0, &cause)) == NULL) {
+		cmdq_error(c->cmdq, "%s", cause);
 		cmd_free_argv(argc, argv);
 		goto error;
 	}
 	cmd_free_argv(argc, argv);
 
-	switch (cmd_list_exec(cmdlist, ctx))
-	{
-	case CMD_RETURN_ERROR:
-	case CMD_RETURN_NORMAL:
-		c->flags |= CLIENT_EXIT;
-		break;
-	case CMD_RETURN_ATTACH:
-	case CMD_RETURN_YIELD:
-		break;
-	}
+	cmdq_run(c->cmdq, cmdlist);
 	cmd_list_free(cmdlist);
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
 	return;
 
 error:
 	if (cmdlist != NULL)
 		cmd_list_free(cmdlist);
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
 
 	c->flags |= CLIENT_EXIT;
 }
diff --git a/server-fn.c b/server-fn.c
index 6d66a9f0..b9217ef2 100644
--- a/server-fn.c
+++ b/server-fn.c
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ server_status_window(struct window *w)
 
 	/*
 	 * This is slightly different. We want to redraw the status line of any
-	 * clients containing this window rather than any where it is the
+	 * clients containing this window rather than anywhere it is the
 	 * current window.
 	 */
 
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ int
 server_set_stdin_callback(struct client *c, void (*cb)(struct client *, int,
     void *), void *cb_data, char **cause)
 {
-	if (c == NULL) {
+	if (c == NULL || c->session != NULL) {
 		*cause = xstrdup("no client with stdin");
 		return (-1);
 	}
diff --git a/server.c b/server.c
index 994f3968..a07fa1fd 100644
--- a/server.c
+++ b/server.c
@@ -106,8 +106,9 @@ server_create_socket(void)
 int
 server_start(int lockfd, char *lockfile)
 {
-	int	 	pair[2];
-	struct timeval	tv;
+	int	 	 pair[2];
+	struct timeval	 tv;
+	char		*cause;
 
 	/* The first client is special and gets a socketpair; create it. */
 	if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, PF_UNSPEC, pair) != 0)
@@ -162,23 +163,28 @@ server_start(int lockfd, char *lockfile)
 	free(lockfile);
 	close(lockfd);
 
-	if (access(SYSTEM_CFG, R_OK) == 0)
-		load_cfg(SYSTEM_CFG, NULL, &cfg_causes);
-	else if (errno != ENOENT) {
-		cfg_add_cause(
-		    &cfg_causes, "%s: %s", SYSTEM_CFG, strerror(errno));
+	cfg_cmd_q = cmdq_new(NULL);
+	cfg_cmd_q->emptyfn = cfg_default_done;
+	cfg_finished = 0;
+	cfg_references = 1;
+	ARRAY_INIT(&cfg_causes);
+
+	if (access(SYSTEM_CFG, R_OK) == 0) {
+		if (load_cfg(SYSTEM_CFG, cfg_cmd_q, &cause) == -1) {
+			xasprintf(&cause, "%s: %s", SYSTEM_CFG, cause);
+			ARRAY_ADD(&cfg_causes, cause);
+		}
+	} else if (errno != ENOENT) {
+		xasprintf(&cause, "%s: %s", SYSTEM_CFG, strerror(errno));
+		ARRAY_ADD(&cfg_causes, cause);
 	}
-	if (cfg_file != NULL)
-		load_cfg(cfg_file, NULL, &cfg_causes);
-
-	/*
-	 * If there is a session already, put the current window and pane into
-	 * more mode.
-	 */
-	if (!RB_EMPTY(&sessions) && !ARRAY_EMPTY(&cfg_causes))
-		show_cfg_causes(RB_MIN(sessions, &sessions));
-
-	cfg_finished = 1;
+	if (cfg_file != NULL) {
+		if (load_cfg(cfg_file, cfg_cmd_q, &cause) == -1) {
+			xasprintf(&cause, "%s: %s", cfg_file, cause);
+			ARRAY_ADD(&cfg_causes, cause);
+		}
+	}
+	cmdq_continue(cfg_cmd_q);
 
 	server_add_accept(0);
 
diff --git a/tmux.c b/tmux.c
index 2428a404..7bce10ec 100644
--- a/tmux.c
+++ b/tmux.c
@@ -330,8 +330,6 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	options_init(&global_w_options, NULL);
 	options_table_populate_tree(window_options_table, &global_w_options);
 
-	ARRAY_INIT(&cfg_causes);
-
 	/* Enable UTF-8 if the first client is on UTF-8 terminal. */
 	if (flags & IDENTIFY_UTF8) {
 		options_set_number(&global_s_options, "status-utf8", 1);
diff --git a/tmux.h b/tmux.h
index b71df280..2674a178 100644
--- a/tmux.h
+++ b/tmux.h
@@ -432,6 +432,9 @@ struct tty_term_code_entry {
 	const char	       *name;
 };
 
+/* List of error causes. */
+ARRAY_DECL(causelist, char *);
+
 /* Message codes. */
 enum msgtype {
 	MSG_COMMAND,
@@ -777,6 +780,9 @@ struct job {
 	int		 fd;
 	struct bufferevent *event;
 
+	struct bufferevent *out;
+	int		outdone;
+
 	void		(*callbackfn)(struct job *);
 	void		(*freefn)(void *);
 	void		*data;
@@ -1350,6 +1356,7 @@ struct client {
 
 	int		 wlmouse;
 
+	struct cmd_q	*cmdq;
 	int		 references;
 };
 ARRAY_DECL(clients, struct client *);
@@ -1363,41 +1370,14 @@ struct args {
 	char	       **argv;
 };
 
-/* Key/command line command. */
-struct cmd_ctx {
-	/*
-	 * curclient is the client where this command was executed if inside
-	 * tmux. This is NULL if the command came from the command-line.
-	 *
-	 * cmdclient is the client which sent the MSG_COMMAND to the server, if
-	 * any. This is NULL unless the command came from the command-line.
-	 *
-	 * cmdclient and curclient may both be NULL if the command is in the
-	 * configuration file.
-	 */
-	struct client		*curclient;
-	struct client		*cmdclient;
-
-	int			 references;
-
-	struct msg_command_data	*msgdata;
-
-	/* gcc2 doesn't understand attributes on function pointers... */
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 3
-	void printflike2 (*print)(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-	void printflike2 (*info)(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-	void printflike2 (*error)(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-#else
-	void (*print)(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-	void (*info)(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-	void (*error)(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-#endif
-};
-
+/* Command and list of commands. */
 struct cmd {
 	const struct cmd_entry	*entry;
 	struct args		*args;
 
+	char			*file;
+	u_int			 line;
+
 	TAILQ_ENTRY(cmd)	 qentry;
 };
 struct cmd_list {
@@ -1405,13 +1385,40 @@ struct cmd_list {
 	TAILQ_HEAD(, cmd) 	 list;
 };
 
+/* Command return values. */
 enum cmd_retval {
 	CMD_RETURN_ERROR = -1,
 	CMD_RETURN_NORMAL = 0,
-	CMD_RETURN_YIELD,
-	CMD_RETURN_ATTACH
+	CMD_RETURN_WAIT,
+	CMD_RETURN_STOP
 };
 
+/* Command queue entry. */
+struct cmd_q_item {
+	struct cmd_list		*cmdlist;
+	TAILQ_ENTRY(cmd_q_item)	 qentry;
+};
+TAILQ_HEAD(cmd_q_items, cmd_q_item);
+
+/* Command queue. */
+struct cmd_q {
+	int			 references;
+	int			 dead;
+
+	struct client		*client;
+	int			 client_exit;
+
+	struct cmd_q_items	 queue;
+	struct cmd_q_item	*item;
+	struct cmd		*cmd;
+
+	void			 (*emptyfn)(struct cmd_q *);
+	void			*data;
+
+	struct msg_command_data	*msgdata;
+};
+
+/* Command definition. */
 struct cmd_entry {
 	const char	*name;
 	const char	*alias;
@@ -1430,7 +1437,7 @@ struct cmd_entry {
 
 	void		 (*key_binding)(struct cmd *, int);
 	int		 (*check)(struct args *);
-	enum cmd_retval	 (*exec)(struct cmd *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+	enum cmd_retval	 (*exec)(struct cmd *, struct cmd_q *);
 };
 
 /* Key binding. */
@@ -1479,9 +1486,6 @@ struct format_entry {
 };
 RB_HEAD(format_tree, format_entry);
 
-/* List of configuration causes. */
-ARRAY_DECL(causelist, char *);
-
 /* Common command usages. */
 #define CMD_TARGET_PANE_USAGE "[-t target-pane]"
 #define CMD_TARGET_WINDOW_USAGE "[-t target-window]"
@@ -1517,12 +1521,13 @@ void		 setblocking(int, int);
 __dead void	 shell_exec(const char *, const char *);
 
 /* cfg.c */
-extern int       cfg_finished;
-extern int       cfg_references;
+extern struct cmd_q *cfg_cmd_q;
+extern int cfg_finished;
+extern int cfg_references;
 extern struct causelist cfg_causes;
-void printflike2 cfg_add_cause(struct causelist *, const char *, ...);
-enum cmd_retval	 load_cfg(const char *, struct cmd_ctx *, struct causelist *);
-void		 show_cfg_causes(struct session *);
+int		 load_cfg(const char *, struct cmd_q *, char **);
+void		 cfg_default_done(struct cmd_q *);
+void		 cfg_show_causes(struct session *);
 
 /* format.c */
 int		 format_cmp(struct format_entry *, struct format_entry *);
@@ -1725,27 +1730,24 @@ long long	 args_strtonum(
 		    struct args *, u_char, long long, long long, char **);
 
 /* cmd.c */
-struct cmd_ctx	*cmd_get_ctx(struct client *, struct client *);
-void		 cmd_free_ctx(struct cmd_ctx *);
-void		 cmd_ref_ctx(struct cmd_ctx *);
 int		 cmd_pack_argv(int, char **, char *, size_t);
 int		 cmd_unpack_argv(char *, size_t, int, char ***);
 char	       **cmd_copy_argv(int, char *const *);
 void		 cmd_free_argv(int, char **);
-struct cmd	*cmd_parse(int, char **, char **);
+struct cmd	*cmd_parse(int, char **, const char *, u_int, char **);
 size_t		 cmd_print(struct cmd *, char *, size_t);
-struct session	*cmd_current_session(struct cmd_ctx *, int);
-struct client	*cmd_current_client(struct cmd_ctx *);
-struct client	*cmd_find_client(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, int);
-struct session	*cmd_find_session(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, int);
-struct winlink	*cmd_find_window(
-		     struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, struct session **);
-int		 cmd_find_index(
-		     struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, struct session **);
-struct winlink	*cmd_find_pane(struct cmd_ctx *,
-		     const char *, struct session **, struct window_pane **);
+struct session	*cmd_current_session(struct cmd_q *, int);
+struct client	*cmd_current_client(struct cmd_q *);
+struct client	*cmd_find_client(struct cmd_q *, const char *, int);
+struct session	*cmd_find_session(struct cmd_q *, const char *, int);
+struct winlink	*cmd_find_window(struct cmd_q *, const char *,
+		     struct session **);
+int		 cmd_find_index(struct cmd_q *, const char *,
+		     struct session **);
+struct winlink	*cmd_find_pane(struct cmd_q *, const char *, struct session **,
+		     struct window_pane **);
 char		*cmd_template_replace(const char *, const char *, int);
-const char     	*cmd_get_default_path(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *);
+const char     	*cmd_get_default_path(struct cmd_q *, const char *);
 extern const struct cmd_entry *cmd_table[];
 extern const struct cmd_entry cmd_attach_session_entry;
 extern const struct cmd_entry cmd_bind_key_entry;
@@ -1835,13 +1837,24 @@ extern const struct cmd_entry cmd_unlink_window_entry;
 extern const struct cmd_entry cmd_up_pane_entry;
 
 /* cmd-list.c */
-struct cmd_list	*cmd_list_parse(int, char **, char **);
-enum cmd_retval	 cmd_list_exec(struct cmd_list *, struct cmd_ctx *);
+struct cmd_list	*cmd_list_parse(int, char **, const char *, u_int, char **);
 void		 cmd_list_free(struct cmd_list *);
 size_t		 cmd_list_print(struct cmd_list *, char *, size_t);
 
+/* cmd-queue.c */
+struct cmd_q	*cmdq_new(struct client *);
+int		 cmdq_free(struct cmd_q *);
+void printflike2 cmdq_print(struct cmd_q *, const char *, ...);
+void printflike2 cmdq_info(struct cmd_q *, const char *, ...);
+void printflike2 cmdq_error(struct cmd_q *, const char *, ...);
+void		 cmdq_run(struct cmd_q *, struct cmd_list *);
+void		 cmdq_append(struct cmd_q *, struct cmd_list *);
+int		 cmdq_continue(struct cmd_q *);
+void		 cmdq_flush(struct cmd_q *);
+
 /* cmd-string.c */
-int	cmd_string_parse(const char *, struct cmd_list **, char **);
+int	cmd_string_parse(const char *, struct cmd_list **, const char *,
+	    u_int, char **);
 
 /* client.c */
 int	client_main(int, char **, int);
@@ -1856,9 +1869,6 @@ void	 key_bindings_remove(int);
 void	 key_bindings_clean(void);
 void	 key_bindings_init(void);
 void	 key_bindings_dispatch(struct key_binding *, struct client *);
-void printflike2 key_bindings_error(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-void printflike2 key_bindings_print(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
-void printflike2 key_bindings_info(struct cmd_ctx *, const char *, ...);
 
 /* key-string.c */
 int	 key_string_lookup_string(const char *);
diff --git a/window-choose.c b/window-choose.c
index 4443e1a5..2671c781 100644
--- a/window-choose.c
+++ b/window-choose.c
@@ -200,9 +200,8 @@ window_choose_data_free(struct window_choose_data *wcd)
 void
 window_choose_data_run(struct window_choose_data *cdata)
 {
-	struct cmd_ctx		*ctx;
-	struct cmd_list		*cmdlist;
-	char			*cause;
+	struct cmd_list	*cmdlist;
+	char		*cause;
 
 	/*
 	 * The command template will have already been replaced. But if it's
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ window_choose_data_run(struct window_choose_data *cdata)
 	if (cdata->command == NULL)
 		return;
 
-	if (cmd_string_parse(cdata->command, &cmdlist, &cause) != 0) {
+	if (cmd_string_parse(cdata->command, &cmdlist, NULL, 0, &cause) != 0) {
 		if (cause != NULL) {
 			*cause = toupper((u_char) *cause);
 			status_message_set(cdata->start_client, "%s", cause);
@@ -220,14 +219,8 @@ window_choose_data_run(struct window_choose_data *cdata)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	ctx = cmd_get_ctx(NULL, cdata->start_client);
-	ctx->error = key_bindings_error;
-	ctx->print = key_bindings_print;
-	ctx->info = key_bindings_info;
-
-	cmd_list_exec(cmdlist, ctx);
+	cmdq_run(cdata->start_client->cmdq, cmdlist);
 	cmd_list_free(cmdlist);
-	cmd_free_ctx(ctx);
 }
 
 void