Add support for applications to use synchronized output mode (DECSET

2026) to prevent screen tearing during rapid updates. When an
application sends SM ?2026, tmux buffers output until RM ?2026 is received
or a 1-second timeout expires.

From Chris Lloyd with the assistance of Claude Code, GitHub issue 4744.

format.c

@@ -1947,6 +1947,18 @@ format_cb_origin_flag(struct format_tree *ft)
 	return (NULL);
 }
 
+/* Callback for synchronized_output_flag. */
+static void *
+format_cb_synchronized_output_flag(struct format_tree *ft)
+{
+	if (ft->wp != NULL) {
+		if (ft->wp->base.mode & MODE_SYNC)
+			return (xstrdup("1"));
+		return (xstrdup("0"));
+	}
+	return (NULL);
+}
+
 /* Callback for pane_active. */
 static void *
 format_cb_pane_active(struct format_tree *ft)
@@ -3439,6 +3451,9 @@ static const struct format_table_entry format_table[] = {
 	{ "start_time", FORMAT_TABLE_TIME,
 	  format_cb_start_time
 	},
+	{ "synchronized_output_flag", FORMAT_TABLE_STRING,
+	  format_cb_synchronized_output_flag
+	},
 	{ "tree_mode_format", FORMAT_TABLE_STRING,
 	  format_cb_tree_mode_format
 	},

input.c

@@ -898,6 +898,8 @@ input_free(struct input_ctx *ictx)
 	evbuffer_free(ictx->since_ground);
 	event_del(&ictx->ground_timer);
 
+	screen_write_stop_sync(ictx->wp);
+
 	free(ictx);
 }
 
@@ -1897,6 +1899,11 @@ input_csi_dispatch_rm_private(struct input_ctx *ictx)
 		case 2031:
 			screen_write_mode_clear(sctx, MODE_THEME_UPDATES);
 			break;
+		case 2026:	/* synchronized output */
+			screen_write_stop_sync(ictx->wp);
+			if (ictx->wp != NULL)
+				ictx->wp->flags |= PANE_REDRAW;
+			break;
 		default:
 			log_debug("%s: unknown '%c'", __func__, ictx->ch);
 			break;
@@ -1995,6 +2002,9 @@ input_csi_dispatch_sm_private(struct input_ctx *ictx)
 		case 2031:
 			screen_write_mode_set(sctx, MODE_THEME_UPDATES);
 			break;
+		case 2026:	/* synchronized output */
+			screen_write_start_sync(ictx->wp);
+			break;
 		default:
 			log_debug("%s: unknown '%c'", __func__, ictx->ch);
 			break;

screen-redraw.c

@@ -898,6 +898,9 @@ screen_redraw_draw_pane(struct screen_redraw_ctx *ctx, struct window_pane *wp)
 	struct grid_cell	 defaults;
 	u_int			 i, j, top, x, y, width;
 
+	if (wp->base.mode & MODE_SYNC)
+		screen_write_stop_sync(wp);
+
 	log_debug("%s: %s @%u %%%u", __func__, c->name, w->id, wp->id);
 
 	if (wp->xoff + wp->sx <= ctx->ox || wp->xoff >= ctx->ox + ctx->sx)

screen-write.c

@@ -894,6 +894,52 @@ screen_write_mode_clear(struct screen_write_ctx *ctx, int mode)
 		log_debug("%s: %s", __func__, screen_mode_to_string(mode));
 }
 
+/* Sync timeout callback. */
+static void
+screen_write_sync_callback(__unused int fd, __unused short events, void *arg)
+{
+	struct window_pane	*wp = arg;
+
+	log_debug("%s: %%%u sync timer expired", __func__, wp->id);
+	evtimer_del(&wp->sync_timer);
+
+	if (wp->base.mode & MODE_SYNC) {
+		wp->base.mode &= ~MODE_SYNC;
+		wp->flags |= PANE_REDRAW;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Start sync mode. */
+void
+screen_write_start_sync(struct window_pane *wp)
+{
+	struct timeval	tv = { .tv_sec = 1, .tv_usec = 0 };
+
+	if (wp == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	wp->base.mode |= MODE_SYNC;
+	if (!event_initialized(&wp->sync_timer))
+		evtimer_set(&wp->sync_timer, screen_write_sync_callback, wp);
+	evtimer_add(&wp->sync_timer, &tv);
+
+	log_debug("%s: %%%u started sync mode", __func__, wp->id);
+}
+
+/* Stop sync mode. */
+void
+screen_write_stop_sync(struct window_pane *wp)
+{
+	if (wp == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (event_initialized(&wp->sync_timer))
+		evtimer_del(&wp->sync_timer);
+	wp->base.mode &= ~MODE_SYNC;
+
+	log_debug("%s: %%%u stopped sync mode", __func__, wp->id);
+}
+
 /* Cursor up by ny. */
 void
 screen_write_cursorup(struct screen_write_ctx *ctx, u_int ny)
@@ -1692,6 +1738,9 @@ screen_write_collect_flush(struct screen_write_ctx *ctx, int scroll_only,
 	u_int				 y, cx, cy, last, items = 0;
 	struct tty_ctx			 ttyctx;
 
+	if (s->mode & MODE_SYNC)
+		return;
+
 	if (ctx->scrolled != 0) {
 		log_debug("%s: scrolled %u (region %u-%u)", __func__,
 		    ctx->scrolled, s->rupper, s->rlower);
@@ -1985,7 +2034,7 @@ screen_write_cell(struct screen_write_ctx *ctx, const struct grid_cell *gc)
 	}
 
 	/* Write to the screen. */
-	if (!skip) {
+	if (!skip && !(s->mode & MODE_SYNC)) {
 		if (selected) {
 			screen_select_cell(s, &tmp_gc, gc);
 			ttyctx.cell = &tmp_gc;

tmux.1

@@ -6262,6 +6262,7 @@ The following variables are available, where appropriate:
 .It Li "socket_path" Ta "" Ta "Server socket path"
 .It Li "sixel_support" Ta "" Ta "1 if server has support for SIXEL"
 .It Li "start_time" Ta "" Ta "Server start time"
+.It Li "synchronized_output_flag" Ta "" Ta "1 if pane has synchronized output enabled"
 .It Li "uid" Ta "" Ta "Server UID"
 .It Li "user" Ta "" Ta "Server user"
 .It Li "version" Ta "" Ta "Server version"

tmux.h

@@ -643,6 +643,7 @@ enum tty_code_code {
 #define MODE_CURSOR_BLINKING_SET 0x20000
 #define MODE_KEYS_EXTENDED_2 0x40000
 #define MODE_THEME_UPDATES 0x80000
+#define MODE_SYNC 0x100000
 
 #define ALL_MODES 0xffffff
 #define ALL_MOUSE_MODES (MODE_MOUSE_STANDARD|MODE_MOUSE_BUTTON|MODE_MOUSE_ALL)
@@ -1190,6 +1191,7 @@ struct window_pane {
 
 	struct window_pane_resizes resize_queue;
 	struct event	 resize_timer;
+	struct event	 sync_timer;
 
 	struct input_ctx *ictx;
 
@@ -3099,6 +3101,8 @@ void	 screen_write_preview(struct screen_write_ctx *, struct screen *, u_int,
 void	 screen_write_backspace(struct screen_write_ctx *);
 void	 screen_write_mode_set(struct screen_write_ctx *, int);
 void	 screen_write_mode_clear(struct screen_write_ctx *, int);
+void	 screen_write_start_sync(struct window_pane *);
+void	 screen_write_stop_sync(struct window_pane *);
 void	 screen_write_cursorup(struct screen_write_ctx *, u_int);
 void	 screen_write_cursordown(struct screen_write_ctx *, u_int);
 void	 screen_write_cursorright(struct screen_write_ctx *, u_int);

window.c

@@ -990,6 +990,8 @@ window_pane_destroy(struct window_pane *wp)
 
 	if (event_initialized(&wp->resize_timer))
 		event_del(&wp->resize_timer);
+	if (event_initialized(&wp->sync_timer))
+		event_del(&wp->sync_timer);
 	TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(r, &wp->resize_queue, entry, r1) {
 		TAILQ_REMOVE(&wp->resize_queue, r, entry);
 		free(r);
@@ -1069,6 +1071,8 @@ window_pane_resize(struct window_pane *wp, u_int sx, u_int sy)
 	if (sx == wp->sx && sy == wp->sy)
 		return;
 
+	screen_write_stop_sync(wp);
+
 	r = xmalloc(sizeof *r);
 	r->sx = sx;
 	r->sy = sy;